Whole systems

Alternatively, for the whole system (i.e., including the bulk phases),... 

Wlien a specimen is moved in or out of an electric field or when the field is increased or decreased, the total work done on the whole system (charged condenser + field + specimen) in an infinitesimal change is... 

The parameter J.j is a measure of the energy of interaction between sites and j while h is an external potential or field common to the whole system. The tenn ll, 4s a generalized work temi (i.e. -pV, p N, VB M, etc), so is a kind of generalized enthalpy. If the interactions J are zero for all but nearest-neighbour sites, there is a single nonzero value for J, and then... 

The most often used subphase is water. Mercury and otlier liquids [12], such as glycerol, have also occasionally been used [13,14]. The water has to be of ultrapure quality. The pH value of tire subphase has to be adjusted and must be controlled, as well as tire ion concentration. Different amphiphiles are differently sensitive to tliese parameters. In general it takes some time until tire whole system is in equilibrium and tire final values of pressure and otlier variables are reached. Organic contaminants cannot always be removed completely. Such contaminants, as well as ions, can have a hannful influence on tire film preparation. In general, all chemicals and materials used in tire film preparation have to be extremely pure and clean. 

Consider a polyatomic system consisting of N nuclei (where > 3) and elecbons. In the absence of any external fields, we can rigorously separate the motion of the center of mass G of the whole system as its potential energy function V is independent of the position vector of G (rg) in a laboratory-fixed frame with origin O. This separation introduces, besides rg, the Jacobi vectors R = (R , , R , .. , Rxk -1) = (fi I "21 I fvji) fot nuclei and electrons,... 

A convenient and constructive approach to attain symplectic maps is given by the composition of symplectic maps, which yields again a symplectic map. For appropriate Hk, the splittings (6) and (7) are exactly of this form If the Hk are Hamiltonians with respect to the whole system, then the exp rLnk) define the phase flow generated by these Hk- Thus, the exp TL-Hk) are symplectic maps on the whole phase space and the compositions in (6) and (7) are symplectic maps, too. Moreover, in order to allow for a direct numerical realization, we have to find some Hk for which either exp(rL-Kfc) has an analytic solution or a given symplectic integrator. 

Molecular dynamics simulations of proteins often begin with a known structure (such as an X-ray diffraction structure) that you want to maintain during equilibration. Since the solvent may contain high energy hot spots, equilibration of the protein and solvent at the same time can change the protein conformation. To avoid this, select only the water molecules and run a molecular dynamics equilibration. This relaxes the water while fixing the protein structure. Then deselect the water and equilibrate the whole system. 

The most widely used exhaust control device consists of a ceramic monolith with a thin-waHed open honeycomb stmcture. The accessible surface of this monolith system is iacreased by applyiag a separate coatiag, a wash coat, of a high surface area material such as gamma-alumiaa with the catalyticaHy active species impregaated iato this washcoat. The catalyst aeeds to oxidize hydrocarboas, coavert CO to CO2, and reduce NO. The whole system forms a catalytic converter that, suitably encased, is placed between the engine and the muffler/silencer unit. 

System instabilities involve interactions between flows in different parts of a reacting system. Although these instabilities can cause turbulence, they caimot be analy2ed on their own and the whole system should be considered as a unit (11,25). 

Because the system likely is nonisothermal, the analysis of a closed-desiccant system requites knowledge of the temperature of the desiccant as well as the dew point (ice point) or water concentration (partial pressure) specification. Indeed, the whole system may undergo periodic temperature transients that may compHcate the analysis. Eor example, in dual-pane windows the desiccant temperature is approximately the average of the indoor and outdoor temperatures after a night of cooling. However, after a day in the sun, the desiccant temperature becomes much warmer than the outdoor temperature. When the sun sets, the outdoor pane cools quickly while the desiccant is still quite warm. The appropriate desiccant for such an appHcation must have sufficient water capacity and produce satisfactory dew points at the highest temperatures experienced by the desiccant. 

To be able to systematically identify opportunities for reducing human error, it is useful to ask the question, What is human error One definition is that human error is an inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing safety or system performance (Rasmusssen 1979). There is a tendency to view errors as operator errors. However, the error may result from inadequate management, design, or maintenance of the system. This broader view which encompasses the whole system can help provide opportunities for instituting measures to reduce the likelihood of errors. 

In the above case the Incoming feeder would trip, even when the fault occurs In any of the outgoing feeders, which may not be desirable. It is therefore recommended that this scheme be applied to individual feeders, so that in case of a fault, only the faulty feeder is isolated rather than the whole system. 

Delayed reclosing may be adopted where the system has large interconnections (mesh system) as at a power grid, and where loss of one phase may not cause a loss of synchronization in such a duration and hence restore the transient stability of the whole system. 

Valve or non-linear resistor In this version, a nonlinear SiC resistance is provided across the gap and the whole system works like a preset valve for the follow current. The resistance has an extremely low value on surge voltages and a very high one during normal operations to cause a near-open circuit. It is now easier to interrupt the follow currents. 

Triple harmonic quantities are unbalanced ( uantities and can exist only on a system, which has a grounded neutral. The configuration of the windings of the source generating the harmonics, the system to which it is connected, and its grounding conditions, thus play a significant role in transmitting the harmonics to the whole system as discussed below ... 

Identify the likely variations in load and p.f. during a 24-hour period. Maintain a minimum fixed kVAr permanently connected in the system, at the distribution point for the likely constant loads. For the rest, the banks may be selected so that only one or two are sufficient to control the whole system for the desired p.f. level or system regulation. This will also limit operations of the banks to only three or four a day and less than a thousand during a year, as recommended in Section 26.1(2). Control may now be carried out ... 

The production of metals which form very stable oxides by tire aluminothermic process, such as manganese, clrromium and vanadium is carried out with reactants at room temperature which react to provide enough heat to raise the temperature of the products to high temperatures at which the whole system is liquid. The metal phase which is produced can therefore separate from the liquid slag which is formed. The production of clrromium serves as a useful... 

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