Predispositions

Historical Inhalation Agents. Diethyl ether produces excellent surgical anesthesia, but it is flammable (see Ethers). Chloroform is a nonflammable, sweet smelling, colorless Hquid which provides analgesia at nonanesthetic doses and can provide potent anesthesia at 1% (see Chlorocarbons AND CHLOROHYDROCARBONs). However, a metabohte causes hepatic cell necrosis. Tdlene, a nonflammable colorless Hquid, has a slower onset and recovery and a higher toxicity and chemical reactivity than desirable. Cyclopropane is a colorless gas which has rapid induction (2 —3 min) and recovery characteristics and analgesia is obtained in the range of 3—5% with adequate skeletal muscle relaxation (see Hydrocarbons). The use of cyclopropane has ceased, however, because of its flammabiHty and marked predisposition to cause arrhythmias. 

Attack at welds due to bacteria is possible, but it is not nearly so common as is often supposed. Because of residual stresses, microstruc-tural irregularities, compositional variation, and surface irregularities, welds show a predisposition to corrode preferentially by most corrosion mechanisms. Attack is common along incompletely closed weld seams such as at butt welds in light-gauge stainless steel tubing (Fig. 6.9A and B). Attack at carbon steel welds may occur. Figure 6.10 shows a severely corroded carbon steel pipe from a service water sys-... 

Oldham and Mansfeld" approached the problem of linearity in a different way and their derivation avoids the approximation used by Stern and Geary. They conclude that although linearity is frequently achieved this is due to three possible causes (a) ohmic control due to the IR drop rather than control according to linear polarisation, (b) the similarity of the values of b, and be and (c) a predisposition by the experimenter to assume that the AE — Ai curves near must be linear. In a later paper Oldham and Mansfeld" showed that linearity of the AE — Ai curve is not essential and... 

Metformin Renal or liver disease any predisposition to hypoxia Gastro intestinal upsets risk of lactic acidosis if wrongly prescribed Creatinine, Hb or Vit B12b... 

Buck KJ, Metten P, Belknap JK et al (1997) Quantitative trait loci involved in genetic predisposition to acute alcohol withdrawal in mice. J Neurosci 17 3946-3955... 

Genes encoding particular class II Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA) are among candidates for involvement in predisposition to RA. This discovery came about with the observation that 60- 70% of Caucasian patients with RA are HLA-DR4 positive by... 

The a-glucosidase inhibitors are contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to the drug, diabetic ketoacidosis, cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration, partial intestinal obstruction or predisposition to intestinal obstruction, or chronic intestinal diseases. Acarbose and miglitol are used cautiously in patients with renal impairment or pre-existing gastrointestinal (GI) problems such as irritable... 

The inherited diseases of muscle in adults are highly variable. They may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or autosomal recessive. They may result from germline mosaicism, from a genetically determined predisposition, or from an abnormality in mitochondrial DNA. As a result, these diseases are also variable in age of onset, in the severity of expression of disease, and in the management of the disease. 

MacLennan, D.H., Duff, C., Zorgato, F., et al. (1990). Ryanodine receptor gene is a candidate for predisposition to malignant hyperthermia. Nature 343, 559-561. 

For reasons that are not yet fully understood, some people seem to develop addictions to street drugs, cigarettes or alcohol more easily than others. There is some evidence that some of this predisposition may be genetically inherited. For instance, the offspring of alcoholics are more likely to become alcoholics themselves, even when not exposed to the social influence of their alcoholic parents. 

Some people find that carmabis makes them anxious and paranoid, both inexperienced users or people who are anxious or those who consume strong varieties or high doses of cannabis. Very heavy use by people who already have a predisposition to mental health problems may lead to very distressing experiences. 

With the help of such nanometallic tools, in some future diseases or predispositions for diseases could potentially be discovered earlier than at present. 

An important field of development is the batched flow production of metal nanoclusters attached to biomolecules such as DNA under GMP laboratory standards. This conjures up hopes of applying metallic nanomaterials coupled with drugs, antibodies, or with oligonucleotides for cell-specific cancer diagnosis and therapy. With the help of such nanometallic tools, it can be expected that diseases or predispositions to diseases will be diagnosed earlier with the help of nanodrugs than is possible at present. 

Ryanodine receptor gene is a candidate for predisposition to malignant hyperthermia. Nature, 343, 559-561. 

D. E. Soltis. P. S. Soltis, D. R. Morgan, S, M, Swensen, B. C, Mullin, J, M, Dowd, and P. G. Martin, Chloroplast gene sequence data suggest a single origin of predisposition for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in angiosperms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 2646-2651 (1995). 

Meperidine 25-50 mg IV in one dose. Cautious use in patients with hepatic or renal disease or seizure predisposition... 

Rapid intravenous infusion of torsades-inducing drugs Concomitant administration of more than one agent known to cause QT interval prolongation/torsades de pointes Possible genetic predisposition Previous history of drug-induced torsades de pointes... 

Genetic factors cannot explain the recent rapid rise in asthma prevalence. Asthma appears to require both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. Many patients with occupational asthma develop the disease late in life upon exposure to specific allergens in the workplace. Environmental influences in utero or in infancy may contribute to the development of asthma. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke after birth increases the risk of childhood asthma.3 Adult-onset asthma is not uncommon and may be related to atopy, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, occupational exposure, or a recurrence of childhood asthma. 

The inflammatory response in UC is propagated by atypical type 2 helper T cells that produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).7 As discussed previously, a genetic predisposition to UC may partially explain the development of excessive colonic and rectal inflammation. The finding of positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) in association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 allele in a large percentage of patients with UC supports this theory.4,12... 

PD affects approximately one million Americans (1% of people over 60 years of age). The average age of onset is 60 years of age, and PD is fairly uncommon in those under age 40. The etiology of PD is unknown, but genetic predisposition, environmental factors, or combinations of these have been proposed to explain why nerve cells in the substantia nigra deteriorate. About 15% of patients with PD have a first-degree relative with the disease. The pathogenesis of cell death (neuron degeneration) may be due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial... 

Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common primary headache disorder. It is often underrepresented in clinical practice, as many patients do not present for care.6 The term tension-type headache is used to describe all headache syndromes in which muscle contraction is the most significant factor in the pathogenesis of pain. The 1-year prevalence of TTH in the population ranges from 30% to 90%.6 It is more common in adult females. Environmental factors, as opposed to genetic predisposition, play a more central role in their development. Tension-type headaches can be further divided into episodic or chronic the mean frequency of attacks is 3 days per month in episodic disorders, and chronic TTH is defined as 15 or more attacks in a 1-month period.7 The estimated prevalence of chronic TTH is less than 5%.6 Some researchers believe that chronic TTHs represent a continuum of headache severity with migraine headache.8 When severe headaches are difficult to differentiate clinically, treatment should initially target TTH. 

Cluster headache disorders are the most uncommon and severe primary headache syndromes.9 The estimated point prevalence is less than 1%. Unlike migraine and TTH, cluster headaches occur more frequently in men. Onset commonly occurs prior to age 30.6 A genetic predisposition seems apparent, although affected individuals often provide a history of tobacco use and alcohol abuse.6 Attacks consist of debilitating, unilateral head pains that occur in series lasting up to months at a time, but that remit over months to years between occurrences. In rare instances, cluster headache can be a chronic disorder without remissions.4... 

N-4 position and a substituted ring at the N-l position. Because of this different chemical structure, cross-allergenicity with the other sulfonamides may not occur. However, because this has not been well studied, if a patient has a reaction to a sulfonamide antibiotic, whether or not he or she will have a reaction to these other sulfonamides remains controversial. Predisposition to allergic reactions is a more likely reason than cross-reactivity between these differing molecules.14 The sulfonamide antibiotics are significant because they account for the largest percentage of antibiotic-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome cases.15... 

OA develops when systemic factors and biomechanical vulnerabilities combine. Systemic factors include age, gender, genetic predisposition, and nutritional status. Age is the strongest predictor of OA, although advanced age alone is insufficient to cause OA. 

Psoriasis is a T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disease that results from a complex interplay between multiple genetic factors and environmental influences. Genetic predisposition coupled with some precipitating factor triggers an abnormal immune response, resulting in the initial psoriatic skin lesions. Keratinocyte proliferation is central to the clinical presentation of psoriasis. 

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