Recovery characteristics

Historical Inhalation Agents. Diethyl ether produces excellent surgical anesthesia, but it is flammable (see Ethers). Chloroform is a nonflammable, sweet smelling, colorless Hquid which provides analgesia at nonanesthetic doses and can provide potent anesthesia at 1% (see Chlorocarbons AND CHLOROHYDROCARBONs). However, a metabohte causes hepatic cell necrosis. Tdlene, a nonflammable colorless Hquid, has a slower onset and recovery and a higher toxicity and chemical reactivity than desirable. Cyclopropane is a colorless gas which has rapid induction (2 —3 min) and recovery characteristics and analgesia is obtained in the range of 3—5% with adequate skeletal muscle relaxation (see Hydrocarbons). The use of cyclopropane has ceased, however, because of its flammabiHty and marked predisposition to cause arrhythmias. 

A small Schottky rectifier with a current rating of about 20 to 30 percent of the MOSFET current rating (/d) is placed in parallel with the MOSFET s intrinsic P-N diode. The parallel schottky diode is used to prevent the MOSFET s intrinsic P-N diode from conducting. If it were allowed to conduct, it would exhibit both a higher forward voltage drop and its reverse recovery characteristic. Both can degrade its efficiency of the supply by one to two percent. 

During turn-on, the transition is controlled by the forward recovery characteristic of the selected rectifier. The forward recovery time (q ) is the time it takes... 

One subtle, but major noise source is the output rectifier. The shape of the reverse recovery characteristic of the rectifiers has a direct affect on the noise generated within the supply. The abruptness or sharpness of the reverse recovery current waveform is often a major source of high-frequency noise. An abrupt recovery diode may need a snubber placed in parallel with it in order to lower its high-frequency spectral characteristics. A snubber will cost the designer in efficiency. Finding a soft recovery rectifier will definitely be an advantage in the design. 

The flow coefficient Cv is determined by calibration with water, and it is not entirely satisfactory for predicting the flow rate of compressible fluids under choked flow conditions. This has to do with the fact that different valves exhibit different pressure recovery characteristics with gases and hence will choke at different pressure ratios, which does not apply to liquids. For this reason, another flow coefficient, Cg, is often used for gases. Cg is determined by calibration with air under critical flow conditions (Fisher Controls, 1977). The corresponding flow equation for gas flow is... 

Bias and recovery characteristics including relevant information on traceability. 

Here is the element viscosity, is the element modulus, and Ay is the relaxation time. If this model material is placed in a constant stress environment for a fixed time and then the stress is removed, then the time-dependent strain will have the recovery characteristics shown in Fig. 3.11. 

When the next switch in the timing sequence is turned on, it must conduct the reverse-recovery current of the diode. As in the case of dc-dc converters, the diode reverse-recovery process usually causes large current to flow, not only because reverse-recovery times can last hundreds of nanoseconds, but also because of the low-inductance power planes. Figure 3.14 shows the reverse-recovery characteristics of a silicon fast-recovery epitaxial diode (FRED) and a SiC diode. It is clear from this figure that the SiC diode is a far more capable replacement for the typical Si diode due to the lack of recovery current. 

Biological Samples. There were three types of biological samples obtained from workers at the plant urine, whole blood, and feces. All urine and blood samples were internally "spiked" at the factory with 1 yg/mL of a nitrosopiperidine (NPiP) standard. NPiP was used for spiking because it has a similar stability and recovery characteristic to nitrosomorpholine, and to provide a means of gauging the accuracy of the analytical methods. Due to the inability to perform homogeneous mixing on-site, the feces samples were not spiked until they were thawed upon return to the laboratory. Ethyl acetate extracts of urine samples were examined for the presence of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDEIA), a metabolite of NMOR, by HPLC-TEA. All samples were immediately frozen at the plant (-80°C) and kept at this temperature until analysis. 

Arain SR, Ebert TJ. The efficacy, side effects, and recovery characteristics of dexmedetomidine versus propofol... 

Crawford MW, Lerman J, Sloan MH, Sikich N, Halpern L, Bissonnette B. Recovery characteristics of propofol anaesthesia, with and without nitrous oxide a comparison with halothane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1998 8(l) 49-54. 

Smith I, Ding Y, White PF. Comparison of induction, maintenance, and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane-N2O and propofol-sevoflurane-N20 with propofol-iso-flurane-N20 anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1992 74(2) 253-9. 

In a functional reentrant focus, the length of the circuit may vary depending on the conduction velocity and recovery characteristics of the impulse. The area in the middle of the loop is continually kept refractory by the inwardly moving impulse. The length of the circuit is not fixed but is the smallest circle possible such that the leading edge of the wavefront is continuously exciting tissue just as it recovers i.e., the head of the impulse nearly catches its tail. It differs from... 

A. Incapacitating agents are chemicals which produce a temporary disabling condition that persists for hours to days after exposure to the agent has ceased (unlike that produced by riot control agents). While not required, medical treatment produces a more rapid recovery. Characteristics of these agents are ... 

Effect of Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors on Recovery Characteristics... 

Recovery conditions should also be validated against a range of microorganisms as described above. Variation in recovery characteristics of laboratory media should be guarded against through application of rigorous batch-to-baich quality control techniques. 

These studies show that high concentrations of formaldehyde vapor can be effectively used to rapidly crosslink water-wetted wool to Improve wet wrinkle recovery, felting shrinkage characteristics, and light-induced weathering properties of the wool. Future studies will concentrate on formaldehyde vapor crosslinking of reduced wetted wools to achieve maximum Improvement In wrinkle recovery characteristics of the wool. 

Bock M, Klippel K, Nitsche B, Bach A, Martin E, Motsch J. Rocuronium potency and recovery characteristics during steady-state desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane or propofol anaes-diesia. BrJ Anaesth (2000) 84, 43-7. 

Mukhopadhyay, A., Nayak, R.K., Kothari, V.K., 2004a. Extension and recovery characteristics of air-jet textured yam woven fabrics. Indian J. Fibre Text. Res. 29 (3), 62-68. 

Moreover, there are substantial differences in failure detection or recovery characteristics. It is essential, therefore, that the differences in disruption, detecting and recovery characteristics of the infrastructural system are well known, particularly in time-dependent factors. Even if approaches that consider time aspects have been developed (e.g. Haimes Yang 2001) their application results very complex in a real context. 

Snap-fit assemblies are usually employed to attach lids or covers that are meant to be disassembled or that wiU be lightly loaded. The design should be such that, after the assembly, the joint will return to a stress-free condition. Materials with good recovery characteristics are required. 

The two most common types of snap-fits are those with flexible cantilevered lugs (Fig. 9.6) and those with a full cylindrical vmdercut and mating Up (Fig. 9.7). Cylindrical snap-fits are generally stronger but require deformation for removal from the mold. Materials with good recovery characteristics are required. In order to obtain satisfactory results, tbe undercut design must fulfill certain requirements ... 

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