Polychlorinated biphenyls study

Furukawa, K. Matsumura, F. (1976). Microbial metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls Studies on the relative degradability of polychlorinated biphenyl components by Alkaligenes sp. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 24, 251-6. 

The performance of SCWO for waste treatment has been demonstrated (15,16). In these studies, a broad number of refractory materials such as chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides were studied as a function of process parameters (17). The success of these early studies led to pilot studies which showed that chlorinated hydrocarbons, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane /7/-T5-6y,(9-chlorotoluene [95-49-8] and hexachlorocyclohexane, could be destroyed to greater than 99.99997, 99.998, and 99.9993%, respectively. In addition, no traces of organic material could be detected in the gaseous phase, which consisted of carbon dioxide and unreacted oxygen. The pilot unit had a capacity of 3 L/min of Hquid effluent and was operated for a maximum of 24 h. 

PCDFs are similar in many respects to PCDDs but have been less well studied, and will be mentioned only briefly here. Their chemical structure is shown in Figure 7.1. Like PCDDs, they can be formed by the interaction of chlorophenols, and are found in commercial preparations of chlorinated phenols and in products derived from phenols (e.g., 2,4,5-T and related phenoxyalkanoic herbicides). They are also present in commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures, and can be formed... 

Sonication of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from soils has been the subject of an interlaboratory study [196] with 129 participants. Two standard methods of extraction were evaluated EPA method 3540 for Soxhlet extraction and EPA method 3550 for sonication... 

Fierens, S., Mairesse, H., Heilier, J.F., De Burbure, C., Focant, J.F., Eppe, G., De Pauw, E., and Bernard, A., Dioxin/polychlorinated biphenyl body burden, diabetes and endometriosis Findings in a population-based study in Belgium, Biomarkers, 8 (6), 529-534, 2003. 

Sjodin A, Jones RS, Focant JF, Lapeza C, Wang RY, McGahee EE, Zhang YL, Turner WE, Slazyk B, Needham LL, Patterson DG (2004) Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States. Environ Health Perspect 112(6) 654—658. doi 10.1289/ehp. 6826... 

The use of nanoscale materials in the dean-up of hazardous waste sites is termed nanoremediation. Remediation of soil contaminated with pentachloro phenol using NZVI was studied [198]. In a separate study, soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was treated using iron nanopartides [194], NZVI and iron oxide have been suggested to be used as a colloidal reactive barrier for in situ groundwater remediation due to its strong and spedfic interactions with Pb and As compounds [199]. 

Wong, P.T.S., Kaiser, K.L.E. (1975) Bacterial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls. II. Rate studies. Bull. Contam. Toxiocol. 3, 249. 

Fig. 3 Scientific studies in water. Ph pharmaceuticals Ft phthalates Fu fungicides HA acidic herbicides HCB hexachlorobenzene PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls OCs organochlorine pesticides PPs polar pesticides...

Fig. 4 Scientific studies in sediments. HBCD hexabromocyclododecane PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls OCs organochlorine pesticides PCN polychlorinated naphthalene DDTs dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane...

Fig. 5 Scientific studies in biota. DDTs dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane HCB hexachlorobenzene HCHs hexachlorocyclohexanes OCs organochlorine pesticides OPs phosphorate pesticides PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls HBCD hexabromocyclododecane...

Maximum concentrations of chlordanes in American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) taken in the Gulf of Mexico in 1976 were near 0.1 pg/kg dry weight (Table 13.2). Chlordane concentrations were substantially lower than concentrations of other organochlorines measured in oysters, such as DDT (28 pg/kg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (90 pg/kg), suggesting a need for additional studies on interaction effects of chlordane residues with those of other environmental chemicals (Rosales et al. 1979). 

Alford-Stevens, A.L., J.W. Eichelberger, and W.L. Budde. 1988. Multilaboratory study of automated determinations of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in water, soil, and sediment by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 304/312. 

Van der Oost, R., H. Heida, and A. Opperhuizen. 1988. Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediments, plankton, mollusks, crustaceans, and eel in a freshwater lake implications of using reference chemicals and indicator organisms in bioaccumulation studies. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 721-729. 

Solbakken, J.E., K. Ingebrigtsen, and K.H. Palmork. 1984. Comparative study on the fate of the polychlorinated biphenyl 2,4,5,2,4,5,-hexachlorobiphenyl and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in flounder (Platichthys flesus), determined by liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. Mar. Biol. 83 239-246. 

In one of the founding studies in immunotoxicology, Friend and Trainer [77] demonstrated that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) increased mortality of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings challenged with duck hepatitis virus. Since then the field of avian immunotoxicology has expanded to show that both the structure and function of the avian immune system often is affected by a diverse array of environmental contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and organic industrial chemicals. Wild birds have proven to be excellent sentinel species for assess-... 

One advance in the area of LLE is the use of solid supports that facilitate the partitioning of the analyte(s) of interest. LLE extraction methods involving nonpolar matrices often suffer from the formation of emulsions, and using the solid support is a possible solution. In one study, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans were extracted from the lipid fraction of human blood plasma [32], using diatomaceous earth as the solid support. Long glass columns (30 cm) were packed with several layers of Chem-Elut (a Varian product) and sodium chloride. The plasma samples were diluted with water and ethanol and passed over the columns. A mixture of isopropanol and hexane (2 3) was passed over the column and the LLE was performed. It can be concluded that the LLE with the solid support is easier to perform and can be applied to other lipid heavy matrices such as milk [32]. 

Following an aviation kerosin spill, hydrocarbons were detected in trout stream sediments and fish up to 14 months after the spill [13]. After a fire at a weed treatment plant in 1970 a large area of mixed forested ecosystem became contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and creosote [66], High polyaromatic concentrations in stream sediments adversely affected micro- and meiobenthic communities at all trophic levels. Stein et al. [67] have studied the uptake by bethnic fish (English sole, Parophrys vetulus) of benzopyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments. Accumulation of contaminants from sediments was a significant route of uptake by English sole. 

Alford Stevens et al. [49] carried out a multi-laboratory study of automated gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determinations of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. The influence of various factors on the accuracy of analytical results were studied. Shaker extraction for 12.5h followed by Florisil chromatography were demonstrated to be the most reliable methods for extraction and clean-up. 

Alford Stevens et al. [49] have reported on an inter-laboratory study of the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental sediments. Electron capture gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to identify and determine polychlorinated biphenyls. For electron capture, an overall standard deviation of 30% was achieved while mass spectrometry gave 38%. 

Hawthorne et al. [53] studied the effect of temperature and pressure on supercritical fluid extraction efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyls in river sediments. At a temperature of 50°C, raising the pressure from 350 to 650atm, had a beneficial effect on recovery of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments. Recovery was improved however as the extraction temperature was increased from 50-200°C. 

The first scientists to investigate the coastal atmospheric presence of APs were Van Ry and Dachs, in a study conducted in the Hudson river estuary. GC-MS analyses showed that atmospheric NP isomer mixtures have a similar composition to technical mixtures, with relatively high total concentrations in the range of 0.0002—0.069 xg m-3 in the gas phase, and 0.0001-0.051 p,gm-3 in the aerosol phase. These concentrations are higher than those of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and up to two orders of magnitude higher than polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in impacted urban-industrial areas [32]. 

Norstrom RJ, Won HT, Holdrinet MVH, et al. 1980a. Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of mirex and photomirex in the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls Interlaboratory study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 63(1) 37-42. 

Mackay D (1982) Studies on the use of polychlorinated biphenyls. United States Environmental Protection Agency... 

A principal components multivariate statistical approach (SIMCA) was evaluated and applied to interpretation of isomer specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using both a microcomputer and a main frame computer. Capillary column gas chromatography was employed for separation and detection of 69 individual PCB isomers. Computer programs were written in AMSII MUMPS to provide a laboratory data base for data manipulation. This data base greatly assisted the analysts in calculating isomer concentrations and data management. Applications of SIMCA for quality control, classification, and estimation of the composition of multi-Aroclor mixtures are described for characterization and study of complex environmental residues. 

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