Bacterial degradation

A base, formed by the bacterial degradation of histidine, and present in ergot and in many animal tissues, where it is liberated in response to injury and to antigen-antibody reactions. If injected it causes a condition of shock with dilatation of many blood vessels, loss of plasma from the capillaries to the tissues and a rapid fall in blood pressure. It is normally prepared from protein degradation products. 

Methanethiol has been found in sewer gases (8,9) and is thought to be produced by the bacterial degradation of methionine. Methanethiol,... 

Bacterial degradation of wood generally is not a serious problem, although in some situations of extreme wetness, bacteria may increase the permeabihty of wood after many years or reduce the strength of the wood (58). 

Natural rubber is harvested as latex by tapping trees in a manner similar to maple syrup. Tree latex contains about 35 wt% rubber solids, as well as small quantities of carbohydrates, resins, mineral salts and fatty acids. Ammonia should be immediately added to the latex to avoid coagulation by these other ingredients and to prevent bacterial degradation. After collection, the latex can be concentrated to 60-70% solids if the latex product is required for end-use. Otherwise, the latex is coagulated, washed, dried, and pressed into bales for use as dry rubber. 

Pathways and biocatalysts of bacterial degradation quinolines 98AG(E)577. 

Reduction is an important reaction under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Reductases mediate a wide variety of reactions that are summarized briefly here, and have been discussed in detail in Part 2 dealing with electron acceptors and further in Part 5 with metalloenzymes. The reductases that are components of the aromatic dioxygenases and that are involved in the aerobic bacterial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons are noted parenthetically in Chapter 8, Parts 1 and 2. 

Kulla HG (1981) Aerobic bacterial degradation of azo dyes. In Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds (Eds T Leisinger, AM Cook, R Hiitter, J Niiesch), pp. 387-399. FEMA Symposium 12. Academic Press, London. 

Higson FK, DD Focht (1990) Bacterial degradation of ring-chlorinated acetophenones. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 3678-3685. 

Two reaction sequences are involved in the bacterial degradation higher -alkanes ... 

Luque-Almagro VM, M-J Huertas, M Martmez-Luque, C Moreno-Vivi an, MD Roldan, LJ Garcfa-Gil, F Castillo, R Blasco (2005) Bacterial degradation of cyanide and its metal complexes under alkaline conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 940-947. 

This is used in large amounts for the production of polymers, and attention has been directed to the degradation of the volatile monomer that may be discharged into the environment or collected in biohlters. The bacterial degradation and transformation of styrene has attracted considerable attention (Warhurst and Fewson 1994), and several pathways have been described for bacteria ... 

Unusual pathways have been found in the bacterial degradation of a number of 4-hydroxybenzoates and related compounds, and in some of them rearrangements (NIH shifts) are involved ... 

Sparnins VL, PJ Chapman, S Dagley (1974) Bacterial degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and... 

Hopper DJ, PJ Chapman (1971) Gentisic acid and its 3- and 4-methyl-substituted homologues as intermediates in the bacterial degradation of ra-cresol, 3,5-xylenol and 2,4-xylenol. Biochem J 122 19-28. 

Oltmanns RH, R Muller, MK Otto, F Lingens (1989) Evidence for a new pathway in the bacterial degradation of 4-fluorobenzoate. Appl Environ Microbiol 55 2499-2504. 

Schldmann M, P Fischer, E Schmidt, H-J Knackmuss (1990b) Enzymatic formation, stability, and spontaneous reactions of 4-fluoromuconolactone, a metabolite of the bacterial degradation of 4-fluorobenzoate. J Bacterial 172 5119-5129. 

Cartwright NJ, RB Cain (1959) Bacterial degradation of the nitrobenzoic acids. 2. Rednction of the nitro group. Biochem J 73 305-314. 

Nadeau IJ, JC Spain (1995) The bacterial degradation of m-nitrobenzoic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 840-843. 

Nishino SF, GC Paoli, JC Spain (2000) Aerobic degradation of nitrotoluenes and pathway for bacterial degradation of 2,6-dinitrotoluene. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 2139-2147. 

Harkness DR, L Tsai, ER Stadtman (1964) Bacterial degradation of riboflavin V. Stoichiometry of riboflavin degradation to oxamide and other products, oxidation of C " -labeled intermediates and isolation of the pseudomonad effecting these transformations. Arch Biochem Biophys 108 323-333. 

Morasch B, HH Richnow, A Vieth, B Schink, RU Meckenstock (2004) Stable isotope fractionation caused by glycyl radical enzymes during bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 2935-2940. 

Morasch B, HH Richnow, B Schink, A Vieth, RU Mweckenstock (2002) Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope fractionation during aerobic bacterial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 5191-5194. 

Schwartz G, F Lingens (1994) Bacterial degradation of A/-heterocyclic compounds. In Biochemistry of Microbial Degradation (Ed C Ratledge), pp. 459-486. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 

Haggblom M (1990) Mechanisms of bacterial degradation and transformation of chlorinated monoaromatic compounds. J Basic Microbiol 30 115-141. 

The structural range of industrially important representatives of these groups is enormous, and includes chlorobenzenes (solvents), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (hydraulic and insulating fluids), and polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers (flame retardants). There is widespread concern over both the persistence and the potential toxicity of all these compounds, and sites that have become contaminated during their production represent a threat both to the environment and to human health. Pathways for the aerobic bacterial degradation of chlorobenzenes and chlorobiphe-nyls, and their brominated analogs have been discussed in Chapter 9, Part 1. 

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