Main frame computers

The programs were written for a main frame computer using card input. To make the set of codes easier to use, I wrote auxiliary codes to organize the procedures and permit the user to provide input in comma-delimited format. This organizes the deck input and assures proper column placement of the data. 

All the viscoelastic measurements were carried out in the Rheometrics Dynamic Spectrometer RDS-770 at a frequency of 1Hz, a strain of 0.1%, and a temperature range of -140° to 140°C incremented every 2 degrees. The Texas Instrument Terminal Silent 700 was tapped to provide a hookup to an IBM 308X main frame computer located some miles away. The output of the Rheometrics unit was converted to a data file to be used in conjuc-tion with SAS (1). All statistical manipulations, software developments, and the necessary graphics that are reported here were carried out with the aid of SAS. 

The FORTRAN program ARTHUR (Harper et al. 1977)—running on main frame computers at this time—comprised all basic procedures of multivariate data analysis and made these methods available to many chemists in the late 1970s. 

A principal components multivariate statistical approach (SIMCA) was evaluated and applied to interpretation of isomer specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using both a microcomputer and a main frame computer. Capillary column gas chromatography was employed for separation and detection of 69 individual PCB isomers. Computer programs were written in AMSII MUMPS to provide a laboratory data base for data manipulation. This data base greatly assisted the analysts in calculating isomer concentrations and data management. Applications of SIMCA for quality control, classification, and estimation of the composition of multi-Aroclor mixtures are described for characterization and study of complex environmental residues. 

Traditionally, a main frame computer was one that operated using 32 or 64 bit words. A minicomputer was one that utilized a 16 bit word and the microcomputer was one that used a 4 or 8 bit word. However, these distinctions in classifications are very quickly disappearing with the further miniaturization of computers, the increasing speed of microprocessors, and specifically the design of more powerful micro and mini computers. Many of the new microcomputers are far more powerful and capable than what just a few years ago was considered a large main frame system. 

The hub is normally served by a main frame computer and only large corporations employ such a machine to monitor the operation of several plants or works. The hub is located in the company s headquarters and is linked to the various plants by telephone line or by direct cabling (often employing fibre-optic technology). 

Calculated even- and odd-parity levels are compared with experiment in Becker, et al. [BEC84] An adequate description of states with J > 10 requires contributions from Models II and III. Technically, Model II and ill calculations require a shift in main frame computers and are not complete. 

Over the past two decades MLC technology has been progressively developed for advanced packaging, especially by main frame computer manufacturers, and it is increasingly exploited for microwave communications. Especially significant is the emergence of low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. 

A dramatic illustration of the mass of the chemical repository is the catastrophic release of a small proportion of this reservoir that occurred with the tragic destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City on 11 September 2001. In addition to the dreadful loss of life when the Twin Towers were destroyed, the destruction of these two towers resulted in the dispersal of 1.2 million tons of building debris, along with some fraction of the 130 000 gal of PCB-contaminated transformer oil from the two transformers housed in the buildings, and the dispersal of PBDEs contained in the estimated 50 000 personal and 300 main frame computers (Butt et al., 2004). 

In simple cases, these models can be evaluated by visual inspection of the contour plots. For such evaluations, it is convenient to plot the isocontours for the different responses in the same plot. To obtain the contour plots, it will be most helpful to have access to a suitable computer program. There are a number of programs available on the market, both for main-frame computer and for microcomputers.[9]... 

GEOTOX originally was designed for a main-frame computer system, but since has also been up-dated and converted into a personal computer (PC) system (8). 

The calculation procedures used are available in software of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), version 82-3. Central processing unit time per output distribution on a main frame computer (IBM Model 3280) was around 20 seconds and cost per output distribution was less than 6. 

Computer. For the purpose of this section a computer is a device designed to carry out Electronic Data Processing. The term thus encompasses the field from main-frame computers to micro-processors. 

FIGURE7-1 Large main-frame computers were rec[uired to run the perpendicular, horizontal,... 

Hypertext research and development work is expanding rapidly. Most of the hypertext projects of the 1980 s, such as Intermedia, IBIS, Nepmne, and Notecards, are powerful multiuser problem solving environments that run on main-frame computers. Within the past two years, hypertext editors for personal computers have expanded the interest in and applications of hypertext greatly. For more information about hypertext and its application, see [1] or [5]. 

Hardware. This is the actual computer to be used for specified work. Main frame computers are large machines needing special installations and a specialist staff. They have enormous processing capacities and are typically used by a company for all its information processing requirements. 

Another type of computer is the microcomputer which can be put on a desk and may be used by people with no specialised computer training. The processing capacity is much less than the main frame computer but is quite adequate for a single application, for example, recording and analysing accident information. 

The high cost of the main-frame computers themselves and the high cost of developing software for special applications for both main-frame and micro-computers. 

Use of programmable system is gradually increasing. However, presently it is largely confined to local systems configuration. In future reactors while still maintaining local sub-systems, a supervisory main frame computer to communicate with the sub-systems will be introduced. 

Figure 7-13 The conductor pattern in a multilayer ceramic circuit board for use in a main-frame computer.

Figure 9-1 Three dimensional copper wiring of multilayer ceramic circuit board for main-frame computer (part of the ceramic was etched away with HF).

Until the early 1980s, large computers were built that served several hard-wired workstations at a company or university. These were called main frame computers. The largest, most powerful, and expensive of these were called supercomputers. 

Main frame computers - large with many workstations... 

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