Polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment

Fensterheim, R.J. (1993). Documenting temporal trends of polychlorinated-biphenyls in the environment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 18, 181-201. 

NAS (1979) National Academy of Sciences, Polychorinated Biphenyls. A Report prepared by the Committee on the Assessment of Polychlorinated-biphenyls in the Environment of Environmental Studies Board Commission on Natural Resources of National... 

Fensterheim RJ. 1993. Documenting temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment. 

The ubiquity of PCBs is indicated by then-presence in environmental samples from the polar regions of air, snow, ice, water, and in living organisms. The presence of PCBs in such remote areas suggests the importance of atmospheric transport. The Committee on the Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Environment estimated that 50-80% of the PCBs derived from the United States were now in sediments and waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Of the estimated total world PCB production of 1.2 million tons to date, about 374,000 tons are now in various portions of the terrestrial, coastal, and open ocean ecospheres (Table 25.1). Another 783,(XX) tons are still in use in electrical equipment and other products or deposited in landfills and dumps and represent a potential source of... 

Lang V (1992) Polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment. Journal of Chromatography 595 1—43. 

Hargrave, B.T., G.C. Harding, W.P Vass, PE. Erickson, B.R. Fowler, andV. Scott. 1992. Organochlorinepesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Arctic Ocean food web. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22 41-54. 

Bidleman, T.F., et al., 1987. Oganochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of southern Sweden. Atmos. Environ. 21, 641-654. 

Gdaniec-Pietryka, M., L. Wolska, and J. Namiesnik. 2007. Physical speciation of polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment. Trends Anal. Chem. 26 1005-1012. 

Zhang, X., Robson, M., et al. (in prep) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls in the indoor environment of Toronto, Canada. 

Bedard DL, May RJ. 1996. Characterization of the polychlorinated biphenyls in the sediments of Woods Pond Evidence for microbial dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 in situ. Environ Sci Technol 30(l) 237-245. 

Brinkman DW, Dickson JR, Wilkinson D. 1995. Full scale hydrotreatment of polychlorinated biphenyls in the presence of used lubricating oils. Environ Sci Technol 29 87-91. 

Eriksson P, Fredriksson A. 1996a. Developmental neurotoxicity of four ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in the neonatal mouse. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1(3) 155-165. 

Haugen J-E, Wania F, Lei YD. 1999. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of southern Norway. Environ Sci Technol 33 2340-2345. 

Hermanson MH, Hites RA. 1989. Long-term measurements of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in the vicinity of Superfund dumps. Environ Sci Technol 23 1253-1258. 

Lead WA, Steinnes E, Bacon JR, et al. 1997. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the UK and Norwegian soils spatial and temporal trends. Sci Total Environ 193 229-236. 

H-B. Lee, T. E. Peart, A. J. Niimi, and C. R. Knipe, A Rapid Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fish, Environment Canada, NWRl Contribution No. 94-53, Burhngton, Ontario, Canada (1994). 

Novak, M.A., A.A. Reilly, and S.J. Jackling. 1988. Long-term monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Hudson River (New York) using caddisfly larvae and other macroinvertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 699-710. 

Smit, Z., Drevenkar, V., and Kodrid-Smi(, M., Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Kupa River, Croatia, Yugoslavia , in Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, Proceedings of the Fifth European Symposium, Rome 1987, Commission of the European Communities, Angeletti, G. and Bj0iseth, A., (Eds.), Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers 1988, pp. 198-203. 

Figure 11. Gas chromatograms (FID) of polychlorinated biphenyls from the environment and in an Arochr standard. (GC conditions are the same.)...

Courtney WAM, Denton GRW (1976) Persistence of polychlorinated biphenyls in the hard-clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) and the effect upon the distribution of these pollutants in the estuarine environment. Environ Pollut 10 55-64... 

Landrum PF, Crosby DG (1981c) The disposition ofp-nitroanisole by the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. II. Biotransformation and bioconcentration. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 5 240-254 Landrum PF, Scavia D (1983) Influence of sediment on anthracene uptake, depuration, and biotransformation by the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40 298-305 Langston WJ (1978a) Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in the cockle Cerastoderma edule and the tellin Macoma balthica. Mar Biol 45 265-272... 

The opening chapter An introduction to modelling of pollutants in the environment by Trevor M. Letcher demonstrates convincingly that equilibrium concepts and simple models lead to realistic predictions of, for example, the concentration of a polychlorinated biphenyl in the fishes of the St. Lawrence River. Relative solubilities expressed by octanol-water and air-water partition coefficients play a crucial role for estimating the distribution of chemicals in the environment. This is pointed out in the introductory chapter as well as in others such as Estimation of volatilization of organic chemicals from soil by Epaminondas Voutsas. 

Totten L. A., Brunciak P. A., GigUotti C. L., Dachs J., Glenn T. R., Nelson E. D., and Eisenreich S. J. (2001) Dynamic air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in the New York-New Jersey Harbor esmary. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 3834-3840. 

Crump-Wiesner, H.J., H.R. Feltz, and M.L. Yates. 1974. A study of the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 8 157-161. 

PCBs and PCTs are particularly troublesome liquids because of their toxicity and persistence in the environment. They are defined as polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated terphenyls, monomethyl-dibromo-diphenyl metliane, monomethyl-dichloro-diphenyl metliane or monomethyl-tetrachlorodiphenyl methane. With low electrical conductivity and heat resistance they found wide use as dielectric fluids and were formerly used as hydraulic fluids. PCBs have not been made in the UK since 1977 and whilst most new uses for the substance are banned in most countries, around two-thirds of the 1.5 million tonnes manufactured in Europe and the US prior to 1985 still remain in equipment such as transformers. PCTs have been used in the past in a restricted range of specialist industrial applications. 

TCDD is the most potent inducer of chloracne. This has been well known since the accident in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 in which large amounts of TCDD were distributed in the environment subsequent to an explosion in a factory that produced a chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4,5-T. TCDD is an impurity produced during the production of 2,4,5-T. The most common long-term effect of TCDD exposure was chloracne. Exposed individuals also suffered increased excretion of porphyrins, hyper-pigmentation, central nervous system effects, and liver damage and increased risk of cancer was a long-term consequence of the exposure. In addition to TCDD, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychloronaphthalens cause chloracne as well as other effects typical of TCDD. 7i... 

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