Hard clam

Calabrese, A. and D.A. Nelson. 1974. Inhibition of embryonic development of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, by heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11 92-97. 

Tsai, J. S., Chen, J. L., and Pan, B. S. (2008). ACE-inhibitory peptides identified from the muscle protein hydrolysate of hard clam (Meretrix lusoria). Process Biochem. 43, 743-747. 

Intake water tunnels are generally made from concrete, and absorption of water by concrete is the main reason for corrosion in reinforcement. In intake structures the problems are due to concrete failure from salts penetrating into the concrete and corroding the rebar. Hard, dense concrete with ample cover to reinforcement and without cracks and porosity has good resistance to corrosion against seawater. In Indian nuclear power plants, the experience with concrete intake tunnels with respect to corrosion behavior is not bad except that special care is required for protection against algae, clams, mussels, etc. which attach to the tunnel surface. 

Firstly, Takagi and Simidu (25) examined the correlation between the organic acid content of 9 species of shellfish and their taste, and found that the more palatable species were not necessarily richer in succinic acid, as exemplified by the hard clam, Meretrix lusoria. These results led them to conclude that succinic acid does not dominate the delicious taste of shellfish. Secondly, Konosu et al. (26) reported that the succinic acid content of the short-necked clam, Tapes japonica, when determined immediately after collection, was very low (20-40 mg/100 g of edible part) as compared with Aoki s value (330 mg), and that the flavor of a fresh sample was as good as that of a commercially available sample that had accumulated a large amount of succinic acid. 

Mollusca Clams, snails, slugs, cephalopods, chitons Soft body, most with hard outer shell marine, freshwater and terrestrial... 

Mollusks are a large group of land and water animals including slugs, oysters, clams, barnacles, and snails. They have soft, unsegmented bodies and often are protected by a hard shell. 

Doering, P., Kelly, J., Oviatt, C., and Sowers, T. (1987). Effect of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria on benthic fluxes of inorganic nutrients and gases. 94, 377—383. 

Sea otters feed on clams, mussels, and other crustaceans. To break open these hard shells, they use rocks, which they bring up from the sea bed, as tools. As a sea otter lies on its back, it places the stone on its chest and beats the prey against it, thereby cracking the shell and exposing the meat inside. At twilight, sea otters move into kelp beds to sleep, tangling themselves in the vegetation so that they do not drift out to sea. 

An organism s fossilized hard parts (for example, the shell of a clam), through their composition, provide clues to the environment as well. A clam shell s trace element content relates to the concentration of trace elements in the aquatic environment. The concentration in the environment is a product of environmental variables such as salinity and water temperature. So, by studying the trace element chemistry of a fossil, it may be possible to determine the approximate climatic conditions where the organism lived, as well as its latitude. 

The soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) burrows deep into the sand, extending its long siphons up in the water. Unlike some other species, the soft-shell clam s siphons will not completely retract into its shells when threatened by predators. The Florida coquina (Donax variabilis), whose siphons are shorter, can pull its siphons inside its shells and close them tightly. Because its siphons are short, this clam cannot burrow very deep into the sand. The Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissi-ma) has heavy, thick-lipped shells that are visible at low tide. The hard-shell clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), whose shell is colored purple on the inside, buries itself just below the surface of sand. Jackknife clams (Ensis directus), often found in mudflats, are speedy bivalves that can burrow through the sand faster than most predators can dig them out. 

Clarks Point - Mercenarla mercenarla (hard shell clam, quahog) - pooled tissue samples, 2-10 Individuals. 

Jim Detjen of the Philadelphia Inquirer acknowledges the hard feelings and difficulty in confronting these complex stories when he says, "No one wants to sound foolish." Experts are ego-involved in a professional ethic that does not prepare them for quick, simple responses. So, "they clam up." Oftentimes an expert really isn t sure and doesn t want to say, "I don t know." There s a sense that reporters have fried too many experts with a printed, "No comment."... 

Proliferating Inhibition of Partially Purified Hard Clam Extract. 381... 

Smee DL, Weissburg MJ (2006b) Hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) evaluate predation risk using chemical signals from predators and injured conspecifics. J Chem Ecol 32 605-619 Snell TW, Morris RD (1993) Sexual communication in copepods and rotifers. Hydrobiologia... 

Boehm PD, Quinn JG (1977) The persistence of chronically accumulated hydrocarbons in the hard shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Mar Biol 44 227-233... 

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