Monitoring pesticides

In 1980 the Drinking Water Directive was introduced, which specified a maximum limit of 0.1 /rgU for any pesticide in drinking water and 0.5 /rgU for total pesticides. Monitoring was needed for a wide range of pesticides in water and this became the impetus for developing new analytical techniques capable of detecting pesticides at very low levels. Consequently, analytical techniques improved and more pesticides were detected in watercourses and water supplies. 

Improved targeting of pesticide monitoring will require the development of new analytical techniques and EQSs for priority pesticides to determine their environmental significance. To ensure confidence in the monitoring data, analytical techniques need to be able to detect the pesticide at 1/lOth of the EQS, which can be as low as 1 ngPk... 

We can list the following areas as prime targets essential oil and natural product analysis, chiral analysis (e.g. of fragrances), trace multi-residue analysis, pesticide monitoring, and further petroleum products applications, in fact any separation where simply greater resolution and sensitivity is demanded-which means probably almost... 

A study of estuarine fish in 21 coastal states conducted from 1972 to 1976 as part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program detected a mean concentration of 47 ppb in 3.9% of the fish tissue samples collected (Butler and Schutzmann 1978). In another study (Cooper 1991), fish collected in a watershed area of Mississippi were analyzed for residues of methyl parathion. Methyl parathion was detected in seven species of fish, with white bass having the greatest mean concentration, at 15.96 ppm. Methyl parathion was found in 3 of the 32 fish samples collected before spraying of methyl parathion and in 12 of the 25 samples of fish collected after methyl parathion spraying. 

Butler PA, Schutzmann RL. 1978. Fish, wildlife and estuaries Residues of pesticides and PCBs in estuarine fish, 1972-1976—national pesticide monitoring program. PesticMonitJ 12 51-59. 

EPA. 1980d. Analysis of pesticide residues in human and environmental samples A compilation of methods selected for use in pesticide monitoring programs. Research Triangle Park, NC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory. EPA-600/8-80-038. NTIS PB82-208752. 

Juhler RK, Lauridsen MG, Christensen MR, et al. 1999b. Pesticide residues in selected food commodities Results from the Danish National Pesticide Monitoring Program 1995-1996. J AOAC Int 82(2) 337-358. 

Gummer WD. 1980. Pesticide monitoring in the prairies of Western Canada. In Afghan BK, McKay D, eds. Hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons in the aquatic environments. New York, NY Plenum Press, 345-372. 

Kutz FW, Yobs AR, Yang HS, C. 1976. National pesticide monitoring programs. In Lee RE, ed. Air pollution from pesticides and agricultural processes. EL CRC Press, 95-136. 

Holden, A.V. (1973). International cooperation on organochlorine and mercury residues in wildlife. Pesticide Monitoring 7, 37-52. 

Kaiser, T.E., Reichel, W.L., and Locke, L.H. et al. (1980). Organochlorine insecticides PCB and PBB residues and necropsy data from 29 states. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 13, 145-149. 

Allhough only a few samples may be token on a daily or weekly basis from each sampling site, the total number of samples may be substantial since experimental timeframes may extend over many months. For example, in the comprehensive 2-year national pesticide monitoring program stody by Kutz et al., nearly 2500 samples were collected which individually assessed over 40 individual pesticides and reaction by-products per sample. 

Cahfomia Air Resources Board, Quality Assurance Plan for Pesticide Monitoring, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA (1999). 

Davies, J.E., Enos, H.F., Barquet, A., Morgade, C., and Danauskas, J.X. (1979) Developments in toxicology and environmental sciences pesticide monitoring studies. The epidemiologic and toxicologic potential of urinary metabolites, in Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Deichman, W.B., Ed., pp. 369-380. 

K. Rekha, M.D. Gouda, M.S. Thakur, and N.G. Karanth, Ascorbate oxidase based amperometric biosensor for organophosphorous pesticide monitoring. Biosens. Bioelectron. 15, 499-520 (2000). 

A. Cagnini, I. Palchetti, I. Lioni, M. Mascini and A.P.F. Turner, Disposable ruthenized screen-printed biosensors for pesticides monitoring. Sens. Actual B 24, 85-89 (1995). 

Capri E, Calliera M (2007) Pesticide monitoring in Italy and impact on environmental legislation/policy implementation. In Proceedings of the RISKBASE 1st Thematic Workshop, Lisbon, pp 60-63... 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 15 14-38. 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 15 14-38. McDonald, L.J. 1986. Suspected lead poisoning in an Amazon parrot. Canad. Vet. Jour. 27 131-134. McLean, R.O. and A.K. Jones. 1975. Studies of tolerance to heavy metals in the flora of the rivers Ystwyth and Clarach, Wales. Freshwater Biol. 5 431 -444. 

Walsh, D.F., B.L. Berger, and J.R. Bean. 1977. Mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium residues in fish, 1971-73 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 11 5-34. 

Schmitt, C.J., J.L. Zajicek, and M.A. Ribick. 1985. National Pesticide Monitoring Program residues of organochlorine chemicals in freshwater fish. 1980-81. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14 225-260. 

Ludke, J.L. and C.J. Schmitt. 1980. Monitoring contaminant residues in freshwater fishes in the United States the National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pages 97-110 in W.R. Swain and V.R. Shannon (eds). Proc. 3rd U.S.-U.S.S.R. Symp. Effects of Pollutants upon Aquatic Ecosystems. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-80-034. 

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