Ocean Arctic

The Russian icebreaker Eenin, launched ia 1959, had three 90 MWt PWRs, one of which was a spare. It operated for many years ia the Arctic Ocean. 

Thus, the mean temperature of the atmosphere, which is about 20°C at sea level, falls steadily to about —55° at an altitude of 10 km and then rises to almost 0°C at 50 km before dropping steadily again to about —90° at 90 km. Concern was expressed in 1974 that interaction of ozone with man-made chlorofluorocarbons would deplete the equilibrium concentration of ozone with potentially disastrous consequences, and this was dramatically confirmed by the discovery of a seasonally recurring ozone hole above Antarctica in 1985. A less prominent ozone hole was subsequently detected above the Arctic Ocean. The detailed physical and chemical conditions required to generate these large seasonal depletions of ozone are extremely complex but the main features have now been elucidated (see p. 848). Several accounts of various aspects of the emerging story, and of the consequent international governmental actions to... 

Nordhftuser Schwefelsaure, Nordhftuser Vitri-oloL Nordhausen acid (fuming sulfuric acid), nordisch, a. northern, northerly, Nordic, nordlich, a. northerly, northern, arctic. Nord-licht, n. aurora borealis, -meer, n. Arctic Ocean, -ost, m. northeast northeaster, -pol, m. north pole. -see,/. North Sea. Norgeraniumsaure,/. norgeranic acid. Norgesalpeter, m. Norway saltpeter (calcium nitrate). 

Edmonds HN, Moran SB, Hoff JA, Smith JN, Edwards RL (1998) Protactinium-231 and Thorium-230 abundances and high scavenging rates in the Western Arctic ocean. Science 280 405-407 Edwards RL, Gallup CD, Cheng H (2003) Uranium-series dating of marine and lacustrine carbonates. Rev Mineral Geochem 52 363-405... 

Baskaran and Santschi (1993) examined " Th from six shallow Texas estuaries. They found dissolved residence times ranged from 0.08 to 4.9 days and the total residence time ranged from 0.9 and 7.8 days. They found the Th dissolved and total water column residence times were much shorter in the summer. This was attributed to the more energetic particle resuspension rates during the summer sampling. They also observed an inverse relation between distribution coefficients and particle concentrations, implying that kinetic factors control Th distribution. Baskaran et al. (1993) and Baskaran and Santschi (2002) showed that the residence time of colloidal and particulate " Th residence time in the coastal waters are considerably lower (1.4 days) than those in the surface waters in the shelf and open ocean (9.1 days) of the Western Arctic Ocean (Baskaran et al. 2003). Based on the mass concentrations of colloidal and particulate matter, it was concluded that only a small portion of the colloidal " Th actively participates in Arctic Th cycling (Baskaran et al. 2003). 

A survey of available Th data for the ocean basins demonstrated that the highest concentrations are found nearer to the coasts, and it was concluded that while eolian inputs likely dominated the budget in the open ocean and could account for increases near the coast, fluvial inputs may be more important in coastal regions. This implies that some a mechanism causes recycling of Th that has been removed to estuarine sediments (Huh et al. 1989). A study of an ice-covered region of the western Arctic Ocean found that significant amounts of °Th and Th were advected into the basin (Edmonds et al. 1998). Therefore, it appears that while long-lived Th isotopes are rapidly removed into estuarine sediments, transport into the ocean basins may continue. 

A sample of water purified from an iceberg in the Arctic Ocean contains 88.8% oxygen by... 

PFCs have been detected in environmental and biological samples being widespread around the world including water, soils and sediments, human samples, and even in remote areas such as the Arctic (atmosphere [34], Arctic Ocean [35], biological samples [36, 37] and few reviews have been published [38, 39]) or Antarctic (biological samples as penguins or seals [40, 41]). 

The oceanic burden in December 2004 shows the contamination of the ocean after 50 years of PFOA emissions (Figure 3.14). Highest PFOA burden is located in the northern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and the Arctic ocean. Contaminations of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific can be related to the vicinity to the oceanic source. PFOA in remote regions, however, such as in the Arctic must have been transported via atmosphere or ocean. MPI-MTCM does not simulate degradation of PFOA from volatile, highly mobile precursor substances, that contribute to the ocean burden in the Arctic by deposition. Then annual dry and wet deposition rates of PFOA in the model are small compared to the mass emitted directly to the ocean. This implies that the burden in the Arctic is results mainly from oceanic long-range transport. 

Fig. 3.15 Transport of PFOA to the Arctic ocean, bars transported mass per year [t], import defined positive, lines fractions of total transport [%]. The relative transport is derived from dividing the net transport by the emitted mass of the respective year.

Svalbard (Arctic Ocean region) 1978-89 adults vs. juveniles ... 

Hargrave, B.T., G.C. Harding, W.P Vass, PE. Erickson, B.R. Fowler, andV. Scott. 1992. Organochlorinepesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Arctic Ocean food web. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22 41-54. 

Hargrave, B.T., W.P. Vass, P.E. Erickson, and B.R. Fowler. 1989. Distribution of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides and PCBs in the Arctic Ocean. Canad. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1644. Dept. Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Ill pp. 

MAMMALS Arctic Ocean 1986-89, blubber Beluga, Delphinopterus leucas 1.4-8.1 FW 16... 

Hargrove, B.T., D.C.G. Muir, and T.F. Bidleman. 1993. Toxaphene in amphipods and zooplankton from the Arctic Ocean. Chemosphere 27 1949-1963. 

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