Organic micropollutants

In general, capillary gas chromatography provides enough resolution for most determinations in environmental analysis. Multidimensional gas chromatography has been applied to environmental analysis mainly to solve separation problems for complex groups of compounds. Important applications of GC-GC can therefore be found in the analysis of organic micropollutants, where compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) (10), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (10) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (11-15), on account of their similar properties, present serious separation problems. MDGC has also been used to analyse other pollutants in environmental samples (10, 16, 17). 

N. Masque R. M. Marce and P. Bonnll, New polymeric and other types of sorbents for solid-phase extraction of polar organic micropollutants from envir onmental water . Trends. Anal. Chem. 17 384-394 (1998). 

J. Slobodnik, A. J. H. Router, J. J. Vreuls, I. Eiska and U. A. Th Brinkman, Monitoring of organic micropollutants in surface water by automated on-line trace-enrichment liquid and gas cliromatographic systems with ultraviolet diode-array and mass spectro-metric detection , J. Chromatogr. 768 239-258 (1997). 

In Angeletti G, Bjorseth A, eds. Commission of the European communities water pollution research reports 4. Organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment. Fifth European Symposium, Rome,... 

De Voogt, R (1996). Ecotoxicology of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. In Chlorinated Organic Micropollutants, No 6 in series Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison (Eds.) Royal Society of Chemistry 89-112. 

Jones OAH, Green PG, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN (2007) Questioning the excessive use of advanced treatment to remove organic micropollutants from wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 41 5085-5089... 

Fielding W, Gibson TM, James HA, McLoughlin K, Steep CP (1981) Organic micropollutants in drinking water. Technical report TR 159. Water Research Centre, Medmenham, UK... 

These examples show that when excluding substances like heavy metals and organic micropollutants, the wastewater quality is closely related to the microbial biodegradability of organic matter. This characteristic feature is not... 

E. Stephanou, In A. Bjprseth, and G. Angeletti (Eds.), Organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment, Reidel Publishers, Dordrecht, 1986, p. 155. 

A. Marcomini, S. Bussetti, A. Sfriso, S. Capri, T. LaNoce and A. Liberatori, In G. Angeletti and A. Bjorseth (Ed.), Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment, Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1991, p. 294. 

In The Netherlands the drinking water supply is largely dependent on water from the rivers Meuse and Rhine. The quality assessment of these rivers is thus a long existing goal of RIWA (Association of River Waterworks, The Netherlands) and the associated water companies, with permanent monitoring for a variety of organic micropollutants in place [11,12],... 

RIWA, Organic micropollutants in Rhine and Meuse—Monitoring with HPLC/UV-flngerprint, Amsterdam, 2000. 

RIWA, Inventory and toxicological evaluation of organic micropollutants— Revision 1999, Amsterdam, 2000. 

Vincent G (ed) (1991) In Organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment, Lisbon Symposium. Kluwer, Dordreeht, p 285... 

Meakins NC, Bubb JM, Lester JN (1994) Fate and behaviour of organic micropollutants during wastewater treatment processes a review. Int J Environ Pollut 4 27-58... 

Kimura K, Amy G, Drewes JE, Heberer T, Kim T-U, Watanabe Y (2003) Rejection of organic micropollutants (disinfection by-products, endocrine dismpting compounds, and pharmaceutically active compounds) by NF/RO membranes. J Membr Sci 227 113-121... 

Xu P, Drewes JE, Bellona C, Amy G, Kim T-U, Adam M, Heberer T (2005) Rejection of emerging organic micropollutants in nanofiltration-reverse osmosis membrane applications. 

Hollender J, Zimmermann SG, Koepke S, Krauss M, McArdell CS, Ort C, Singer H, von Gunten U, Siegrist H (2009) Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal waste-water treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration. Environ Sci Technol 43 7862-7869... 

Matamoros V, Garcia J, Bajona JM (2008) Organic micropollutant removal in a full-scale surface flow constructed wetland fed with secondary effluent. Water Res 42 653-660... 

Van de Meent D, den Hollander HA, Pool WG, et al. 1986. Organic micropollutants in Dutch coastal waters. Wat Sci Tech 18 73-81. 

Xu P., J.E. Drewes, C. BeUona, G. Amy, T-U. Kim, M. Adam, and T. Heherer (2005). Rejection of emerging organic micropollutants in nanohltration—reverse osmosis membrane apphcations. Water Environment Research 77 40-48. 

Cotravo, J.A. (1985) Organic micropollutants in drinking water an overview. Sci. total Environ., 47, 7-26... 

Organic micropollutants are found in surface and ground waters, always in conjunction with more or less NOM, but at relatively low concentrations in the range of 0.1 pg L I to 100 pg L-1 (in water sources of sufficient quality for a water supply). Their degradation by ozone to oxidized metabolites or even to mineral products is a complex process, due to the influences of various water quality parameters (pH, inorganic and organic carbon etc.) on the two known major reaction pathways direct electrophilic ozone reaction and the oxidation via the nonselective, fast reacting OH-radicals. 

The development of online sample procedures is critically important, for with them sensitivity increases, losses are prevented, and automation is made easy, as is demonstrated by the development of the system for automated measurement of organic micropollutants in surface water (SAMOS) LC and SAMOS GC (45,46,53,54). The SAMOS LC is based on SPE sample preparation, column LC, and diode array detection (53). Moreover, all types of MS detectors for HPLC can be coupled to the SAMOS. 

WA Minnaard, J Slobodnik, JJ Vreuls, KP Hupe, UAT Brinkman. Rapid liquid-chromatographic screening of organic micropollutants in aqueous samples using a single short column for trace enrichment and separation. J Chromatogr A 696 333-340, 1995. 

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