Polychlorinated biphenyls atmospheric

Gregor DJ, Gummer WD. 1989. Evidence of atmospheric transport and deposition of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Canadian arctic snow. Environ Sci Technol 23 561-565. 

For polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), rate constants were highly dependent on the number of chlorine atoms, and calculated atmospheric lifetimes varied from 2 d for 3-chlorobiphenyl to 34 d for 236-25 pentachlorobiphenyl (Anderson and Hites 1996). It was estimated that loss by hydroxy-lation in the atmosphere was a primary process for the removal of PCBs from the environment. It was later shown that the products were chlorinated benzoic acids produced by initial reaction with a hydroxyl radical at the 1-position followed by transannular dioxygenation at the 2- and 5-positions followed by ring fission (Brubaker and Hites 1998). Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with polychlorinated dibenzo[l,4]dioxins and dibenzofurans also play an important role for their removal from the atmosphere (Brubaker and Hites 1997). The gas phase and the particulate phase are in equilibrium, and the results show that gas-phase reactions with hydroxyl radicals are important for the... 

Anderson PN, RA Hites (1996) OH radical reactions the major removal pathway for polychlorinated biphenyls from the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 30 1756-1763. 

Volatilization. Transfer of chemicals across the air/water interface can result in either a net gain or loss of chemical, although in many cases the bulk concentration in the air above a contaminated water body is low enough to be neglected (20). When the atmosphere is the primary source of the contaminant, as for example polychlorinated biphenyls in some parts of the Laurentian Great Lakes, atmospheric concentrations obviously cannot be neglected. The Whitman two-film or two-resistance approach (21) has been applied to a number of environmental situations (20, 22, 23). Transport across the air/water interface is viewed as a two-stage process, in which both phases of the interface can offer resistance to transport of the chemical. The rate of transfer depends on turbulence in the water body and in the atmosphere, the... 

The ubiquity of PCBs is indicated by their presence in environmental samples from the polar regions of air, snow, ice, water, and in living organisms (Norstrom et al. 1988 Hargrave et al. 1989 Larsson et al. 1992 Tanabe et al. 1993). The presence of PCBs in such remote areas suggests the importance of atmospheric transport. The Committee on the Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls... 

Duinker, J.C. and F. Bouchertall. 1989. On the distribution of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyl congeners between vapor phase, aerosols, and rain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 99-103. 

The first scientists to investigate the coastal atmospheric presence of APs were Van Ry and Dachs, in a study conducted in the Hudson river estuary. GC-MS analyses showed that atmospheric NP isomer mixtures have a similar composition to technical mixtures, with relatively high total concentrations in the range of 0.0002—0.069 xg m-3 in the gas phase, and 0.0001-0.051 p,gm-3 in the aerosol phase. These concentrations are higher than those of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and up to two orders of magnitude higher than polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in impacted urban-industrial areas [32]. 

Booij, K. and van Drooge, B.L. 2001, Polychlorinated biphenyls andhexachlorobenzene in atmosphere, sea-surface microlayer, and water measured widi semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Chemosphere 44 91—98. 

Atkinson, R. Estimation of OH radical reaction rate constants and atmospheric lifetimes for polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-/rdioxins, and dibenzofmans. Environ. Sci Technol, 21(3) 305-307, 1987a. 

VAC TRAX is an ex situ thermal desorption process that separates contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and radioactive materials from soils, sludges, and solid trash. This process can be applied to mixed and unmixed waste streams. Because the nitrogen atmosphere in which the process occurs is inert, no combustion of organic material takes place. 

Paterson, M. J., D. C. G. Muir, B. Rosenberg, E. J. Fee, C. Anema, and W. Franzin, Does lake size affect concentrations of atmospherically derived polychlorinated biphenyls in water, sediment, zooplankton, and fish Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 55, 544-553 (1998). 

Castro-Jimenez J, Dueri S, Eisenreich SJ, Mariam G, Skejo H, Umlauf G, Zaldivar JM (2009) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of sub-alpine northern Italy. Environ Pollut 157 1024-1032... 

Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are semivolatile compounds which undergo exchange between air and atmospheric particles, soils, and vegetation. Classes of POPs include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs, PCDFs). The distribution of these substances between the particle and gas phases in the atmosphere is a... 

Bidleman, T.F., et al., 1987. Oganochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of southern Sweden. Atmos. Environ. 21, 641-654. 

Ogura, I., Masunaga, S., Nakanishi, J., 2001. Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in the Kanto Region, Japan. Chemosphere 44, 1473-1487. 

Doskey, P V., Andren, A.W. (1981) Modelling the flux of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls across the air/water interface. Environ. 

Bidleraan, T.F. Olney, C.E. High-volume collection of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls. Bull. Environ. Contamin, Toxicol., 1974, 11, 442. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (see Figure 1) are emitted into the atmosphere from the combustion of chlorine-containing materials.1-13 Additionally, PCBs, which were used as lubricants and dielectric fluids,13 are volatilized into the atmosphere from soils and bodies of water (for example, from the Great Lakes) after their disposal or inadvertent release into, and cycling through, the environment.114-18 Atmospheric concentrations of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs have been measured at numerous locations,2,15,1619-62 and these organochlorine... 

Ter Schure, A. F. H., Larsson, R, Agrell, C., Boon, J. P. (2004) Atmospheric transport of poly-brominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38 1282-1287. 

Figure 4.17 Correlation of Hudson River volumetric discharge at Waterford, New York, to enantiomer fractions (EFs) of dissolved (A) and particulate PCB 95 In the Hudson River Estuary. (Reproduced with permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Chiral Source Apportionment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to the Hudson River Estuary Atmosphere and Food Web, by Brian j. Asher, Charles S. Wong and Lisa A. Rodenburg, 41(17), 6163-6169. Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society)...

Asher, B.J. Wong, C.S. Rodenburg, L.A., Chiral source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls to the Hudson River estuary atmosphere and food web Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 6163-6169. 

Bmnciak, P.A., Dachs, J., et al (2001) Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and apparent degradation in coastal New Jersey. Atmospheric Environment, 35(19) 3325-3339. 

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