North Atlantic Ocean

Surface water enrichment is the result of aeolian and fluvial inputs, which are thought to be the most important sources of Th to the ocean. Thorinm-232 has been proposed as a link between the radiogenic thorium isotopes and trace metals and anthropogenic pollutants. " While the pathways are very different for the radiogenic thorium isotopes, Th is delivered to the ocean in a fashion similar to many pollutants and trace metals. For example, Guo et found Th distributions in the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras in the North Atlantic Ocean agreed well with the general distribution pattern of aluminum. 

North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) a study to assess the contribution of continental air pollution to the North Atlantic Ocean. 

Bond G. C., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W. S. et al. (1992). Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period. Nature 360,245-249. 

Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. (1995). Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 378,165-167. 

Roberts, D.G., Mortin, A C. and Backmann, J. (1984) Late Paleocene-Eocene volcanic events in the northern North Atlantic ocean. Washington, D.C. U.S. Gov. Printing Office. Initial Report Deep Sea Drilling Project, 81, 913-923. 

Waters Seawater (National Research Council Canada 1992) was collected in the North Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 10 m, 35 km southeast of Hahfax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The water was peristaltically pumped through cleaned polyethylene-hned ethyl vinyl acetate tubing and 0.45-pm acrylic copolymer filters. It was acidified to pH 1.6 with ultrapure nitric acid during its immediate transfer to 50-L acid-leached polypropylene carboys, previously conditioned with ultrapure water acidified to pH 1.6. The seawater was later homogenized in two linked 800-L polyethylene tanks in a clean room and immediately bottled in cleaned 2-L polyethylene bottles. Randomly selected bottles were used for analytical measurements. 

Anderson RF, Chase Z, Fleisher MQ, Sachs JP (2002) The Southern Ocean s biological pump during the last glacial maximnm. Deep-Sea Research 1149 1909-1938 Anderson RF, Fleisher MQ, Kubik P (2001) Boimdary scavenging in the North Atlantic ocean. EOS Trans AGU (Fall Meeting Snpplement) OS21D-11... 

Am levels in surface seawater of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean have stayed around 10 Bq/m3 (270 pCi/m3) between 1976 and 1988 (Pattenden and McKay 1994), but may be considerably higher near discharges from nuclear facilities. 241 Am in soil resulting from cumulative deposition and ingrowth in the New York region should reach a maximum of 0.88 mCi/km2 (33 MBq/km2) in the year 2035. In the Food... 

DDT and DDE observations Iwataetal(1993)determinedconcentratonsofDDT in in the air and surface water from various oceans in 1989-1990. The routes of the ship cruises among others covered the Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, North Pacific, East China Sea, South China Sea, North Atlantic ocean, Bay of Bengal, and the Southern ocean. 

Elderfield and Greaves [629] have described a method for the mass spectromet-ric isotope dilution analysis of rare earth elements in seawater. In this method, the rare earth elements are concentrated from seawater by coprecipitation with ferric hydroxide and separated from other elements and into groups for analysis by anion exchange [630-635] using mixed solvents. Results for synthetic mixtures and standards show that the method is accurate and precise to 1% and blanks are low (e.g., 1() 12 moles La and 10 14 moles Eu). The method has been applied to the determination of nine rare earth elements in a variety of oceanographic samples. Results for North Atlantic Ocean water below the mixed layer are (in 10 12 mol/kg) 13.0 La, 16.8 Ce, 12.8 Nd, 2.67 Sm, 0.644 Eu, 3.41 Gd, 4.78 Dy, 407 Er, and 3.55 Yb, with enrichment of rare earth elements in deep ocean water by a factor of 2 for the light rare earth elements, and a factor of 1.3 for the heavy rare earth elements. 

Pocklington R (1970) A new method for the determination of amino acids in sea water and an investigation of the dissolved free amino acids of North Atlantic Ocean waters. PhD Dissertation. Dalhousie University, pp 1-102... 

Wu, ]., and E.A. Boyle. 1997. Lead in the western North Atlantic Ocean Completed response to leaded gasoline phaseout. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 3279-3283. 

Wu,., W. Sunda, E.A. Boyle, and D.M. Karl. 2000. Phosphate depletion in the Western North Atlantic Ocean. Science 289 759-762. 

Prospero JM, Saharan dust transport over the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean An overview, in Guerzoni S, Chester R. (eds.). The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 133— 151, 1996. 

Gorzelska, K., and J. N. Galloway, Amine Nitrogen in the Atmospheric Environment over the North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycl., 4, 309-333 (1990). 

Parrish, D. D., J. S. Holloway, M. Trainer, P. C. Murphy, G. L. Forbes, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, Export of North American Ozone Pollution to the North Atlantic Ocean, Science, 259, 1436-1439 (1993b). 

Similarly, Posfai et al. (1998) carried out AFM and TEM studies of aerosol particles collected over the North Atlantic Ocean. The size of the particles measured under the vacuum conditions of the TEM were smaller than those measured by AFM, due to evaporation of water from the particles. However, the TEM images also showed halos around the particles at the same diameters as the AFM measurements, suggesting that the particles under ambient conditions had an organic coating. This was supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), which showed that these residues contained S, O, and C (although at least some of the C signal may have been due to the substrate). 

Penkett et al. (1993) range represents summer minimum to winter maximum over the North Atlantic Ocean with air mainly of polar marine... 

Penkett, S. A, N. J. Blake, P. Lightman, A. R. W. Marsh, P. Anwyl, and G. Butcher, The Seasonal Variation of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in the Free Troposphere over the North Atlantic Ocean Possible Evidence for Extensive Reaction of Hydrocarbons with the Nitrate Radical, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2865-2885 (1993). 

Tarrason, L., S. Turner, and I. Flpisand, Estimation of Seasonal Dimethyl Sulphide Fluxes over the North Atlantic Ocean and Their Contribution to European Pollution Levels, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11623-11639 (1995). 

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