Green chemistry benefits

Catalysis offers numerous green chemistry benefits including ... 

By varying the pressure of the solvent, endoiexo selectivity was maximized at 24 1, a significant improvement over selectivity achieved in conventional solvents (11 1). Green chemistry benefits of a less hazardous solvent, reduced energy usage,... 

The hydrogenation of latex polymer was accomplished using nanoparticle polymers in aqueous solution, without added solvent, and using Wilkinson s catalyst. The use of extremely small latex particles allows high reaction rates with lower catalyst concentrations, two green chemistry benefits. At 120 C, 1 wt % catalyst, and 35.3 nm particles, the data in Table 6.6 is reported. 

One of the fundamental and most important principles of Green Chemistry is that of atom economy. This essentially is a measure of how many atoms of reactants end up in the final product and how many end up in byproducts or waste. The percentage atom economy can be calculated as 100 times the relative molecular mass (RMM) of all atoms used to make wanted product divided by the RMM of all reactants. Box 1.2. The real benefit of atom economy is that it can be calculated at the reaction planning stage from a balanced reaction equation. Taking the following theoretical reaction ... 

Boyde, S.R. (2002) Green Lubricants. Environmental Benefits and Impacts of Lubrication. Green Chemistry, 4, 293-307. 

Coastwide Laboratories/Corporate Express and SEGC 114. Coastwide Laboratories, now owned by Corporate Express uses green chemistry to develop products that meet rigorous performance, environmental, and human health criteria. They developed a product development standard called the Sustainable Earth Green Chemistry Standard 114 (SEGC 114), to establish positive criteria for product efficacy as well as human and environmental health benefits. Their strategy involves ... 

Recently, the power of designer acid catalysts has generally increased as a result of the development of the catalytic enantioselective versions described here. In particular, combined acid catalysis is still very much in a state of infancy, and there is still much more to learn with regard to new reactivity. The ultimate goal is a more reactive, more selective, and more versatile catalyst. We beheve that the realization of such an objective would be a tremendous benefit for the further development of organic synthesis, including green chemistry. 

Another common theme that authors use to establish importance involves environmental impacts. For example, an environmental slant is used in the first sentence of the cyclodextrin article (P3, exercise 6.7), where the study of cyclo-dextrins is justified based on their role in soil remediation. The importance of work that benefits air or water quality and/or promotes green chemistry can also be stressed. Work is also viewed as important if it has cross-disciplinary applications. For example, in the Introduction section of the tetrazole article, the authors stress the importance of tetrazoles in coordination chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and in various materials science applications and point out their role as useful intermediates in the preparation of substituted tetrazoles ... 

This process has many benefits in the context of green chemistry it involves two enzymatic steps, in a one-pot procedure, in water as solvent at ambient temperature. It has one shortcoming, however-penicillin acylase generally works well only with amines containing an aromatic moiety and poor enantioselectivities are often observed with simple aliphatic amines. Hence, for the easy-on/easy-off resolution of aliphatic amines a hybrid form was developed in which a hpase [Candida antarctica hpase B (CALB)] was used for the acylation step and peniciUin acylase for the deacylahon step [22]. The structure of the acyl donor was also optimized to combine a high enanhoselectivity in the first step with facile deacylation in the second step. It was found that pyridyl-3-acetic acid esters gave optimum results (see Scheme 6.8). 

Forty-three workshop participants answered a 10-question survey to gather information on the details of Green Chemistry (GC) and Green Engineering (GE) education issues of interest to the attendees. The mix of multiple-choice, yes-no, and open-ended questions cover who is interested, how should it be taught, who benefits, and funding. The questions together with the... 

This approach to green chemistry can be very fruitful in terms of being able to tailor the properties of chemicals to minimize risk to the environment while maximizing the benefit. However, this may not always be successful because the properties that contribute to the beneficial use of the product may be the same properties that affect risk to the environment. 

In 1992, Porteous [17] developed some simple rules of thumb to highlight the economic benefits of environmental protection which are consistent with the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (see Figure 2.1) ... 

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