Commercial specifications

They are classified apart in this text because their use differs from that of petroleum solvents they are used as raw materials for petrochemicals, particularly as feeds to steam crackers. Naphthas are thus industrial intermediates and not consumer products. Consequently, naphthas are not subject to governmental specifications, but only to commercial specifications that are re-negotiated for each contract. Nevertheless, naphthas are in a relatively homogeneous class and represent a large enough tonnage so that the best known properties to be highlighted here. 

Table 7. Selected Commercial Specifications for Helium Compressed Gas Association Grades ...

Purchases of manganese ore are made on the basis of user requirements, individual specifications, and availabiUty. Most grades of manufactured manganese chemicals are subject to government and commercial specifications, many of which apply to specific uses. Prices of metallurgical manganese ore reached a high of 3.78/t in 1990 (Fig. 13). 

Commercial specifications of succinic acid and succinic anhydride are given in Table 2. 

Table 3 Hsts some properties and commercial specifications of thioglycolic and its salts.

Since we are a research center, many of our requirements are unique and evolving. Therefore, although we favor use of commercial specific/bundled systems where possible, we are more often than not funneled into the in-house option. The software system designed and written in-house and which is adapted for most of our applications is called MARS, an acronym for Management, Analysis, and Reporting System. 

Argon fluorohydride, 17 335 Argon helium, commercial specifications for, 17 367t... 

Chemical manufacturers submitted 1,031 Premanufacture Notifications in 1980 and 1981. In the same time period, they submitted 290 notifications of commencement of commercial manufacture. In other words, only 28)1 of the substances for which Premanufacturing notices were filed in the past two years of compliance have become commercial. Specifically, for the reactive polymer segment, about 29% of the reported substances have become commercial. These percentages indicate that much of what has constituted the impacts of TSCA has been "protective" filing of notifications. The length and complexity of the process mandated by TSCA has led to unnecessary resource diversion. A more liberal definition of what constitutes a commercial event could have significantly increased the percentages and reduced this type of impact, at least since July, 1979. 

The pH meter is standardized (calibrated) with the use of buffer solutions. Usually, two buffer solutions are used for maximum accuracy. The pH values for these solutions should bracket the pH value expected for the sample. For example, if the pH of a sample to be measured is expected to be 9.0, buffers of pH = 7.0 and pH = 10.0 should be used. Buffers with pH values of 4.0,7.0, and 10.0 are available commercially specifically for pH meter standardization. Alternatively, of course, homemade buffer solutions (see Chapter 5) may be used. In either case, when the pH electrode and reference electrode are immersed in the buffer solution being measured and the electrode leads are connected to the pH meter, the meter reading is electronically adjusted (refer to manufacturer s literature for specifics) to read the pH of this soluiton. The electrodes can then be immersed into the solution being tested and the pH directly determined. 

Table 16.4 provides the summary of economic costs and results. The presumption throughout is that each process can be operated with environmental and human safety to produce a fully satisfactory product of sufficient quality to command market prices. The processes which produce discrete products, i.e. methanolysis and hydrolysis, will have to meet commercial specifications. The mixed-species product processes, i.e. simple glycolysis, hybrid and glycolysis with color filtration, must be able to feed adjacent polymerization facilities to make satisfactory product. Because the simple glycolysis process has little purification capability,... 

For a method to be considered as part of commercial specification, validation using ICH guidelines (Q2A and Q2B) is required (see also Chapters 9 and 10). Depending on method characteristics, different validation schemes may be used. The following parameters should be considered to ensure the method is valid and appropriate for its intended purpose accuracy, precision (repeatability, intermediate precision), specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, and range. 

The economic outcome of the operation of a centrally located facility is comparable with all other hydrometallurgical operations and is highly dependent on price and quality of the metals produced. All products have to conform to commercial specifications. Adequate quality and quantity of cheap feed materials are also essential. It is very important to consider the fact that the transformation of waste and raw material usually involves a dramatic increase in the value of the feed material. The economic result cannot be isolated to an auxiliary process, but is the result of the combined effects on the total operation. 

Although the process to determine KlA and K is possible with a spread sheet, it is cumbersome for commercial specifications. The guidehne for the testing of commercial aeration devices has been well developed and is generally available (American Society of Civil Engineers, 1992). There is no requirement to measure total dissolved gas pressure or estimate dissolved nitrogen concentration, and an... 

In commercial specifications for cotton destined for nitration, the following approximate values are required ... 

Despite the argument that in terms of trade it is commercial specifications which are most important, it is probably more convenient to discuss these groups in descending order of scope, i.e. from the international downwards. In practice of course, a new test method usually proceeds in the opposite direction from humble beginnings in particular laboratories via national recognition to international status, often becoming much modified on the way. 

Execution. The execution section addresses courses of action during actual execution. It mentions obvious facts about the items(s) to undergo validation. An example would be The process for x transdermal systems has been designed to consistently deliver satisfactory product. Challenges will therefore be made to confirm that the equipment functions properly and yields product meeting established commercial specifications. ... 

Another report came from Canada in 1959 when Bender published research results of utilizing eastern Canadian barks as furnish for wet-process insulation board and hardboard (33). Bark species included in the study were black spruce and balsam fir each contained 25-35% wood. A Sprout-Waldron disk refiner was used to prepare the bark fiber, and boards were made with lh% wax emulsion but contained no added binder. Physical tests indicated the boards met some commercial specifications the author believed that addition of more woody fiber would improve the properties. In addition, a few experimental dry-process particleboards were made with addition of some unnamed binder that was a byproduct material. 

Table 14.5. Commercial specification for chilli (as sold in whole, cracked and powdered forms).

Beneficiation, also known as mineral dressing or ore processing, may involve a variety of operations such as size reduction, size separation, mineral separation, dewatering, and thermal processing. Almost all phosphate ores require beneficiation to meet commercial specifications concerning particle size, moisture content, or chemical analyses. 

Anhydrous MMA, DMA and TMA, can be used directly in downstream processes such as MDEA, DMF, DMAC, choline chloride and/or diluted to any commercial specification. 

In a conventional flow sheet, at the exit of low-temperature conversion, hydrogen meeting the standard commercial specifications (average 97 per cent volume) can only be obtained by means of supplementan purtficacioo treatments, including the successive removal of the following products ... 

The average commercial specifications of carbon monoxide, particularly for ciemical use. are given in Table 1.15. 

Table 1 8 provides an indication of the average commercial specifications ofindustrial... 

Tabic 1.31 offers some information about the average commercial specifications for urea in two of its main uses. 

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