Sensitive Areas

Once again, in the above discussion there is no mention of such sensitive environmental areas as World Heritage Sites, national parks, habitat for endangered species, etc. Clearly, all of these locations deserve special consideration in the environmental design of an injection scheme. 

Lovell, J. and J. Kluger. 1994. Apollo 13. New York Simon Schuster, Inc. (Orig. pub. as Lost Moon.) 

Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances. 2009. http //www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp. show document p table=STANDARDS p id=9991 

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Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol also has been cleared for use in California under Rule 66. It meets the rigid specifications for uv degradation in environmentally sensitive areas. In addition to domestic use, a substantial amount of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is used as a solvent for agricultural chemicals in Europe. 

Safety. Shampoos generally do not represent a hazard with regard to skin and eye safety once used, shampoos are almost immediately rinsed and have Httie contact time on sensitive areas. To assure this safety, provisions to test the finished product for skin and eye irritation should be made. 

Uses. In architectural and industrial appHcations vibrational isolators are used to reduce transmission of vibration into building stmctures from rotating or reciprocating machinery, such as ventilating fans, pumps, chillers, industrial machinery, and the piping and ductwork coimected to this equipment (6). Vibration isolators also can be used to isolate vibration-sensitive equipment or noise-sensitive areas from sources of vibration. Examples are special pneumatic isolators to protect electron microscopes, and isolators used to support floating concrete floors in recording studios. 

The electric furnace is an alternative to the reverberatory furnace in environmentally sensitive areas where electricity costs are not too high. The electric furnace is versatile, produces small volumes of effluent gases, and the SO2 concentration can be easily controlled. Operating costs, however, are high. 

Maintaining logs of all who visit the faciUty during the day, denying visitor access to sensitive areas of the faciUty, providing visitor escorts within the facihty, and guarding experimental, developmental, and prototype work from pubHc view. 

Flare noise (roar of combustion) is the most serious because it is elevated and the sound carries. The flare can be located at a remote distance from the operating unit or surrounding community. Noise of steam injection into the burner can be reduced by using multiple no22les. Furnace noise from air intake, fuel systems, and combustion blower forced draft/induced draft (FD/ID) fans can be reduced by acoustics. The plot plan should be evaluated for noise generation and to find the means of alleviating or moving noise to a less sensitive area. 

Wells General areas Sensitive areas Total wells... 

Health and safety factors in in situ operations are associated with high temperature, high pressure steam, or high pressure air. Environmental considerations relate to air and water quaUty and surface reclamation. In some environmentally sensitive areas such as the oil sands deposits in Utah, environmental considerations may make development unfeasible. 

SI 1996/2971 Control of Pollution (Applications, Appeals and Registers) Regulations SI 1996/3001 Surface Waters (Abstraction for Drinking Water) (Classification) Regulations SI 1996/3105 The Nitrate Sensitive Areas (Amendment) Regulations... 

SI 1998/2138 Nitrate Sensitive Areas (Amendments) (No. 2) Regulations SI 1998/2746 The Groundwater Regulations... 

SI I990/1187 Water, England and Wales - Agriculture - The Nitrate Sensitive Areas (Designation) (Amendment) Order 1990... 

The selection of the cure system in these applications is directed by constraints such as location of the adhesive in terms of confined space, speed and depth of cure, etc. The volumes of silicones typically applied are relatively small. In general, the uncured adhesive needs to be dispensed in a well-defined and limited area, and needs to stay in place without flowing during cure. No by-products of the cure reaction are acceptable as they may contaminate other sensitive areas of the devices. These constraints often direct the choice to the platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation cure system that is relatively expensive. 

An Environmental Assessment for each alternative (focusing on the facility conditions and pathways of contamination actually addressed by each alternative) should be prepared. Issues to be reviewed include the short- and long-term beneficial and adverse effects of the response alternative any adverse effects on environmentally sensitive areas and an analysis of measures to mitigate adverse effects. 

Many producing facilities are located offshore or in other environmentally sensitive areas. In these areas, the use of dry (versus liquid-filled) transformers will eliminate the necessity of providing curbing and other containment systems to prevent pollution. Dry transformers are normally preferred for most production facility applications. Liquid-filled transformers should be considered, however, for high voltage and large units (particularly over several hundred kVA). 

Acid deposition is of greatest concern wherever there are large amounts ol lossil fuel combustion upwind of an area. Eastern North America, large areas of Europe, and eastern Asia all receive acidic deposition. Acidic deposition is especially a concern when poorly buffered soils, with little acid-neutralizing capacity, are impacted. In North America, large areas of eastern Canada, the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York, and sections of New England all are considered acid sensitive areas, where resistant bedrocks and thin soils prevent significant neutralization of acidity. 

In addition to greenhouse benefits, biodiesels offer environmental advantages over conventional diesel. Biodiesels produce similar NO, emissions to conventional diesel, fuel but less particulate matter. Biodiesel is more biodegradable that conventional diesel making any spills less damaging in sensitive areas. In general biodiesel provides more lubrication to the fuel system than low-sulfur diesel. 

To reduce drilling and development costs, slimhole drilling is increasingly being used. Slimhole wells are considered wells in which at least 90 percent of the hole has been drilled with a bit fewer than six inches in diameter. For example, a typical rig uses a 8.5-in bit and a 5-in drill pipe, whereas a slimhole rig may use a 4-in bit and a 3.7-in drill pipe. Slimhole drilling is especially valuable in economically marginal fields and in environmentally sensitive areas, since the fuel consumption can be 75 percent less (mud pumps, drill power), the mud costs 80 percent less, the rig weight is 80 percent less, and the drill site is 75 percent smaller. 

Ideally, the walls should be of brick or concrete with an insulated roof. Large areas of glass should be avoided. It is desirable that all routine maintenance and operating functions can be carried out without having to open doorways. Openings and access to the boilerhouse should be away from sensitive areas. Free areas for air for both combustion and ventilation should be through acoustic louver... 

Removal of particles from the air stream is generally carried out in a cyclone, positioned outside the building and taking particles from all sources in the building. Care should be taken to position cyclones away from noise-sensitive areas since both ducts and cyclones can be noisy, especially if grits or chips are being carried. 

Semiconducting devices, switches and miniaturised v.h.f. circuits are all particularly sensitive to the slightest reaction on critical surfaces, and in devices calling for the highest levels of reliability even the most inert of the phenolic, epoxide and silicone resins are not considered to be fully acceptablecorrosion of electronic assemblies may often be enhanced by migration of ions to sensitive areas under applied potentials, and by local heating effects associated with current flows. 

Close control of conditions may require diversion of the main air flow, see Figure 28.10, or moving human operatives outside the sensitive area. Coolant flow control should he modulating or infinitely variable, where possible. 

The use of AOS in toiletries and personal care products has now been established. In India, for example, AOS has been used by leading toilet soap manufacturers with clear performance benefits, especially in hard water-sensitive areas. Combo bars, where part of the usual fatty acid soap is replaced by synthetic AOS as shown in Table 29, seem to be especially attractive from a cost/performance point of view. 

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