Linear paraffin

The smoke point corresponds to the maximum possible flame height (without smoke formation) from a standardized lamp (NF M 07-028). The values commonly obtained are between 10 and 40 mm and the specifications for TRO fix a minimum threshold of 25 mm. The smoke point is directly linked to the chemical structure of the fuel it is high, therefore satisfactory, for the linear paraffins, lower for branched paraffins and much lower still for naphthenes and aromatics. 

Linear paraffins Linear programming Linear rollback model Linear sensor arrays Linear superelasticity Linear topology Linear units Linen... 

A Ca + Ca5Na2[(A102)j2(Si02)j2] free 8-ring 0.44 linear paraffin separation air separation (O2)... 

Linear paraffins in the C q to range are used for the production of alcohols and plasticizers and biodegradable detergents of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and nonionic types (see Alcohols Plasticizers Surfactants). Here the UOP Molex process is used to extract / -paraffins from a hydrotreated kerosine (6—8). 

The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is enriched with hydrogen from the water gas catalytic (Bosch) process, ie, water gas shift reaction, and passed over a cobalt—thoria catalyst to form straight-chain, ie, linear, paraffins, olefins, and alcohols in what is known as the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis. 

Chlorination and Chlorination—Dehydrochlorination of Paraffins. Linear internal olefins were produced by Shell at Geismar from 1968 to 1988, using the dehydrochlorination of chlorinated linear paraffins, a process that also yields hydrogen chloride as a by-product. To avoid the production of dichloroparaffins, which are converted to diolefins by dehydrochlorination, chlorination of paraffins is typically limited to 10% conversion. 

AlClj Alkylation Process. The first step in the AIQ. process is the chlorination of / -paraffins to form primary monochloroparaffin. Then in the second step, the monochloroparaffin is alkylated with benzene in the presence of AIQ. catalyst (75,76). Considerable amounts of indane (2,3-dihydro-lH-indene [496-11-7]) and tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene [119-64-2]) derivatives are formed as by-products because of the dichlorination of paraffins in the first step (77). Only a few industrial plants built during the early 1960s use this technology to produce LAB from linear paraffins. The C q—CC olefins also can be alkylated with benzene using this catalyst system. 

HP Alkylation Process. The most widely used technology today is based on the HE catalyst system. AH industrial units built in the free world since 1970 employ this process (78). During the mid-1960s, commercial processes were developed to selectively dehydrogenate linear paraffins to linear internal olefins (79—81). Although these linear internal olefins are of lower purity than are a olefins, they are more cost-effective because they cost less to produce. Furthermore, with improvement over the years in dehydrogenation catalysts and processes, such as selective hydrogenation of diolefins to monoolefins (82,83), the quaUty of linear internal olefins has improved. 

FIG. 11 Production of linear olefins from linear paraffins. AC, adsorbent chamber EC, extract column GLS, gas-liquid separator H, heater Rx, reactor RC raffinate column ST, stripper column LE, light end. (From Ref. 10.)... 

Polypropylene glycol, particulate hydrophobic silica, and a fatty acid methyl ester, or an olefin or linear paraffin as a liquid diluent, are proposed for well-stimulation jobs [357]. 

The Arge Fe-LTFT syncrude (Table 18.8)29 was much heavier than the syncrude of the two German Co-LTFT processes (Table 18.2). The Arge Fe-LTFT syncrude exemplified a high a-value Fischer-Tropsch product with a significant linear paraffinic wax fraction. The syncrude (Table 18.8) from the Kellogg Fe-HTFT synthesis was very similar in carbon number distribution to that of Hydrocol Fe-HTFT synthesis (Table 18.5). 

LTFT syncrude has significant chemicals potential in the field of linear paraffins and waxes, with some potential for olefin and oxygenate chemicals too. It is also well suited for the production of lubrication oils by catalytic dewaxing. 

SDW [Solvent de-waxing] A general term for processes which remove linear paraffinic hydrocarbons from petroleum fractions by solvent extraction... 

The titanosilicate version of UTD-1 has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the oxidation of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols (77-79) by using peroxides as the oxidant. The large pores of Ti-UTD-1 readily accommodate large molecules such as 2,6-di-ferf-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP). The bulky 2,6-DTBP substrate can be converted to the corresponding quinone with activity and selectivity comparable to the mesoporous catalysts Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-HMS (80), where HMS = hexagonal mesoporous silica. Both Ti-UTD-1 and UTD-1 have also been prepared as oriented thin films via a laser ablation technique (81-85). Continuous UTD-1 membranes with the channels oriented normal to the substrate surface have been employed in a catalytic oxidation-separation process (82). At room temperature, a cyclohexene-ferf-butylhydroperoxide was passed through the membrane and epoxidation products were trapped on the down stream side. The UTD-1 membranes supported on metal frits have also been evaluated for the separation of linear paraffins and aromatics (83). In a model separation of n-hexane and toluene, enhanced permeation of the linear alkane was observed. Oriented UTD-1 films have also been evenly coated on small 3D objects such as glass and metal beads (84, 85). 

Linear paraffins are key raw materials for the production of LAB as well as for long chain alcohols, which in turn are transformed into a group of... 

Alcohols in the range C12—Ci8 are important raw materials for the production of a key group of surfactants ethoxylates, sulfates and ethoxysulfates among others. Alcohols used in the surfactant industry are primary, linear, or with different degrees of branching, and they can be produced from either petrochemical sources (ethylene or linear paraffins) or from oleochemical products (animal fats and vegetable oils). 

Secondary alcohols, produced previously in small quantities from linear paraffin oxidation, have today almost disappeared from the market. The difficulties in producing the corresponding derivatives (ethoxylates, etc.) were a major drawback for their potential development. 

Trace aromatics removal from linear paraffins in the Ciq-Cis range is an important step in producing linear alkylbenzene (LAB) which in turn is used to make linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) an important constituent of detergents. High purity linear paraffins are required to produce superior detergent properties. For this application, MgY and NaX adsorbents are reported to be effective adsorbents in removing aromatics from Cio-C n-paraffins [265-267]. 

The catalyst is made up of platinum dispersed on a basic zeolite, K-L or Ba-K-L [85], The conversion of linear paraffins from to Cg is much faster over Pt-KL or... 

The zeolite provides the environment for shape selective chemistry and is also a high surface area support on which to disperse platinum in a relatively confined environment. The small platinum crystals within the zeolite channels and the orientation effect of the channel window are responsible for the high efficiency of the Pt-KL catalyst to convert linear paraffin to aromatics. Zeolite KL also provides an electron rich environment to enhance stronger platinum-substrate interaction via stronger platinum-support interaction. A review on the subject can be found in the article written by Meriasdeau and Naccache [85]. 

To understand the reaction pathways, the yield shifts for the three examples illustrated in Table III were calculated on a fresh feed basis (Table V). These data show that the predominant reaction is the loss of C + paraffins and olefins. Approximately 2.5 wt 95 C + paraffins plus olefins were lost for a +1.5 Research Octane numoer increase. ZSM 5 is selective to cracking both single branched and linear paraffins, and single branched and linear olefins (9) which have very low Research and Motor Octanes, as illustrated below ... 

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