Paraffin series

Vaseline A trade name for soft paraffin. Yellow and white semi-solid, partly translucent mixtures of hydrocarbons of the paraffin series ranging from CijHji to C2oH42- Obtained from the high-boiling fractions of petroleum... 

The solubility of hydrocarbon liquids from the same chemical family diminishes as the molecular weight increases. This effect is particularly sensitive thus in the paraffin series, the solubility expressed in mole fraction is divided by a factor of about five when the number of carbon atoms is increased by one. The result is that heavy paraffin solubilities are extremely small. The polynuclear aromatics have high solubilities in water which makes it difficult to eliminate them by steam stripping. 

Figure 5.13 Examples from the alkane (paraffin) series...

In the paraffin series, methane, CH, to / -butane, C H q, are gases at ambient conditions. Propane, C Hg, and butanes are sometimes considered in a special category because they can be fiquefied at reasonable pressures. These compounds are commonly referred to as fiquefied petroleum gases (qv) (LPG). The pentanes, to pentadecane [629-62-9], fiquids, commonly called distillates, which include gasoline [8006-61-9], kerosene... 

This alcohol, the lowest of the paraffin series, is found in the distillation waters of a number of essential oils, being soluble in all proportions in water. It does not therefore form a constituent of essential oils in the form in which they are found in commerce. In the form of esters, methyl alcohol is found as a constituent of a number of essential oils, such as, for example, oil of wintergreen, which consists almost entirely of methyl salicylate. Methyl alcohol, CH OH, is a liquid of specific gravity 0 810, boiling at 64°. 

The second member of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It is a constituent of the natural gas found in association with oil fields. 

CH4, marsh gas, fire damp. It is the first hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. 

The saturated open-chain hydrocarbons form a homologous series called the paraffin series or the alkane series. The composition of each of the members of the series corresponds to the formula CnH2n + 2> where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. All the members of the series are unreactive. They do not react readily at ordinary temperatures with such reagents as acids, alkalies, or oxidizers. 

The unsaturated open-chain hydrocarbons include the alkene or olefin series, the diene series, and the alkyne series. The alkene series is made up of chain hydrocarbons in which a double bond exists between two carbon atoms. The general formula for the series is CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms. As in the paraffin series, the lower members are gases, intermediate compounds are liquids, and the higher members of the series are solids. The alkene series compounds are more active chemically than the saturated compounds. They react easily with substances such as halogens by adding atoms at the double bonds. 

Butane, is the either of two saturated hydrocarbons, or alkanes, with the chemical formula of C4H10 of the paraffin series. In both compounds the carbon atoms are joined in an open chain. In n-butane (normal), the chain is continuous and unbranched whereas in i-butane (iso) one of the carbon atoms forms a side branch. This difference in structure results in small but distinct differences in properties. Thus, n-butane melts at -138.3 °C (-216.9 °F) and boils at -0.5 °C (31.1 °F), and i-butane melts at -145 °C (-229 °F) and boils at -10.2 °C (13.6 °F). 

Using assumed molecular models and force constants based on the force constants derived from the paraffin series, normal co-ordinate calculations for the simple alkylcarbonium ions were carried out. These calculations were made in order to predict the vibrational spectra. Comparison with the experimentally obtained infra-red spectra show that the main observed features can indeed be reasonably explained in terms of the modes calculated for the planar models of the ions and allowed an assignment of the fundamentals (Table 11). 

The correlation index, developed by the U.S. Bnrean of Mines, is based on a plot of specific gravity versns the reciprocal of the boiling point in kelvin (K =°C + 273). For pure hydrocarbons, the line described by the constants of the individnal members of the normal paraffin series is given the value Cl = 0, and a parallel line passing throngh the point for the values of benzene is given as Cl = 100 thus,... 

The whole family that results from endless addition of the -CHis is called the paraffin series. The word comes from the name of the wax little old ladies used in the old days to seal jelly jars. That particular paraffin consists of a mixture of C3qH(52S on up to C50H102S. Note that the formulas always have twice as many hydrogens plus two, compared to the carbons. That s the way it works out. 

The properties and characteristics available for paraffinic fraction 5 appear to be in line with those of the other fractions of the paraffinic series and do not infficate an explanation for a difference in performance against adult California red scale. A similar deviation did not occur in the case of the correlations established for eggs of the citrus red mite. Since the work of Ebeling (7) indicated that contact of oil with the scale insect is generally accomplished by penetration of the oil imder the scale armor, the spreading ability of the oil film appears to be an important factor in the efficiency of an oil against adult California red scale. 

Toxicity tests on 31 pure hydrocarbons of aromatic, olefin, naphthene, and paraffin series are reported. The hydrocarbons, ranging in boiling point from 176 to 572 F., were representative of those found in petroleum naphthas. The work was done at Ithaca, N. Y., in both greenhouse and field plots. 

Continuing in the alkane series (also called the paraffin series because the first solid hydrocarbon in the series is paraffin, or candle wax), the next compound is pentane. This name is derived from the Greek word penta, for five. As its name implies, it has five carbon atoms, and its molecular formula is C,H12. From pentane on, the Greek prefix for the numbers five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, and so on are used to name the alkanes, the Greek prefix corresponding to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The first four members of the alkane series do not use the Greek... 

Paraffin Series An older name given to the alkanes. 

Nitrogen sulphide acts slowly on the acids of the paraffin series. In the case of acetic acid there is an evolution of sulphur dioxide, and sulphur and ammonium sulphate are obtained, as well as small quantities of free nitrogen. Considerable quantities of acetamide and diacetamide are also formed.7 The sulphide is indifferent towards primary and secondary bases of the aromatic scries and towards all tertiary bases.8 Nitrogen sulphide has been claimed to assist the vulcanisation of rubber. 

Previous studies on heavy hydrocarbon content of young sediments showed that they contained all the n-paraffin series, but that those containing paraffins with odd numbers of carbon atoms were several times as abundant as those containing even numbers of carbon atoms. Bray and Evans (7) defined a ratio of odd to even paraffins as a carbon preference index (CPI). In Recent sediments (mostly from nearshore environments) the CPI varied from 2.5 to 5.5. Crude oils and extracts from ancient shales exhibited little odd-carbon preference. The CPI for ancient shales varied from 0.9 to 2.3 and that for crude oils from 0.6 to 2.2... 

ALKANE. One of the group of hydrocarbons of the paraffin series, e.g., methane, ethane, and propane. See also Organic Chemistry. 

An aliphatic compound is an organic compound without ring structures, i.e.. with straight chain arrangement of carbon and. possibly other, atoms. In the narrower sense, an aliphatic compound is a member of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons, or one nf their derivatives. 

Propane is a colorless, easily liquefied, gaseous hydrocarbon, the third member of the paraffin series following methane and ethane. The chemical formula for propane is CH3CH2CPI3. It is separated in large quantities from natural gas,... 

The term Hentriacontane is a rough translation of the philosopher race s name to English. The races s true name begins with the H sound but is rather long and difficult to pronounce. Scientists have therefore adapted the written form Hentriacontane when referring to the philosopher race. The name derives from hentriacontane, a hydrocarbon of the paraffin series CH3(CH2)29CH3 present in petroleum, many natural waxes, and the pheromones released by the Hentriacontane philosophers. For more information, see Clifford Pickover, Chaos in Wonderland (New York St. Martin s Press, 1995). 

Measurements have also been made of the speed of the uniform movement in mixtures of air with each one of the hydrocarbons of the paraffin series up to and including pentane. The determinations were carried out with horizontal glass tubes, 2-5 cm. in diameter,1 and the results are shown diagrammatically in fig. 26. With the exception of methane, the maximum speeds are approximately the same, namely, about 82 cm. per second. The value for methane is rather lower than this, being 67 cm. per second. Owing to the few data available for the thermal constants of the paraffin hydrocarbons, it is not easy to explain this difference. In each instance, the mixture having the maximum speed of flame contains more combustible gas than is required for complete combustion. 

Paraffin Series CnH2n+2 Saturated (-ane suffix) e.g., hexane... 

Metliane is the first member of a series of hydrocarbons having the genera] fc rmula CnH2nt i>, called the methane series or paraffin series. The first members of this series are listed below ... 

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