Standard hydrocarbon

The acid number is mainly defined for rosins and rosin-derived resins and for phenol-modified resins. Standard hydrocarbon resins have zero acid number because the absence of functional groups. However, the acid number allows one to control deterioration by oxidation with formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups in hydrocarbon resins. Typical acid number values of different resin types are ... 

In the Sunbury x-ray photometer, described by Cranston, Matthews, and Evans,25 commutation between standard and unknown (25 times a second) is achieved in a somewhat different way. This instrument uses two x-ray beams from a single source—one through a standard hydrocarbon, the other through an unknown hydrocarbon on which sulfur is to be determined. The beams strike fluorescent screens in a light-tight box. A chopping disk interposed between the screens and a single multiplier phototube is used to accomplish commutation betw fen standard and unknown. 

Karassik, I.J. Pump Performance Characteristics, Hydrocarbon Processing, June 1972, p. 101. Doyle, H.E. Highlights of API 610 Pump Standard, Hydrocarbon Processing, June 1972, p. 85. Polcak, R. Selecting Fans and Blowers, Chemical Engineering, Jan. 22, 1973, p. 86. 

Uses Solvent standardized hydrocarbon manufacturing paraffin products jet fuel research paper processing industry rubber industry organic synthesis. 

Uses Solvent jet fuel research rubber industry manufacturing paraffin products paper processing industry standardized hydrocarbon distillation chaser gasoline component organic synthesis. 

Dunbar has added a deep theoretical imderstanding to the radiative stabilization process and has shown, using his standard hydrocarbon model, that the radiative cooling of chemically activated adduct ions, with energy e" in the /th level of the th normal mode, can be very accurately modeled by use of Equation (12). ... 

Standard hydrocarbon estimation. Measurement of the low-pressure radiative association rate constant is sufficient for assignment of if k and k are independently known, from the relation, ... 

The standard hydrocarbon model, data analysis approach 2, does a poor job of estimating in this system (1.83 eV). This has led us to recognize that the case of an atomic ion associating with a neutral is exceptional because of the small number of rotational degrees of freedom of the reactants. With an appropriate correction for this effect, the standard hydrocarbon model estimate is lowered to about 1.5 eV, which is an entirely acceptable estimate. 

Table 5. Binding Energies Ei, for the Methyl-Substituted Benzene Dimer Cations Based on Application of the Generic Standard Hydrocarbon Model to the Radiative Association Kinetic Data. I obs is the Efficiency per Collision of Radiative...

Notes The radiative association of benzene ion was not directly observed at 196 K. The value given is estimated from the measured along with a C of 7 s" based on extrapolation of the values in Table 3 of Ref. 54. he measurement and the standard hydrocarbon prediction correspond to a temperature of247 K. The other values are at 196 K. 

The major market for perfluoroether lubricants has been the mechanical vacuum pumps used to evacutc microchip etching chambers where corrosive gases, such as hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride, are generated which would destroy standard hydrocarbon vacuum... 

The accuracy of the method has been assessed by analysis of a standard sample of bovine liver from the National Bureau of Standards and a standard sulfonated hydrocarbon. For the bovine liver the sulfur content by combustion/ ion chromatography was about 1.2% below the accepted value whereas for the standard hydrocarbon, with a reported sulfur content of 0.97%, combustion/ion... 

It may be helpful to express the change of viscosity of a silicone oil in a different manner. If we compare a typical silicone oil with a standard hydrocarbon oil of viscosity index 100, the two having the same viscosity at 100° F., we find that after cooling to —35° F. the silicone oil has seven times the viscosity it had, whereas the hydrocarbon oil has increased 1,800-fold in viscosity. This relative constancy of viscosity of the silicone oil makes it particularly suitable for use as a fluid in hydraulic systems for the transmission of power. Silicone oils do not react with the common metals of construction, and they are so inert that even at 300° F. they do not discolor r become acid or form sludge. They are satisfactory lubricants in hydraulic pumps and in any other device where conditions of hydrodynamic lubrication prevail. When used as lubricants, methyl silicone oils do not suffer loss of viscosity through shear breakdown under continuous load at high speed. 

The standard hydrocarbon substrate that has been used to determine the relative selectivities of nitrenes for tertiary, secondary and primary unactivated C— H bonds is 2-methylbutane, and the results of... 

Use Organic synthesis, solvent, standardized hydrocarbon, jet-fuel research. 

The resolution achievable by the system is indicated by the separation of a standard hydrocarbon mixture shown in Figure 8. A refractive index detector was used. In addition to showing the resolution of n-par-affins achievable, Figure 8 also indicates that aromatic hydrocarbons, even 4-ring and 5-ring compounds, can be readily separated from straight-chain hydrocarbons. 

By studying the co-oxidation of a series of hydrocarbons with one standard hydrocarbon, it is possible to determine the reactivity of the series toward the peroxy radical of this standard. However, in some cases alternative methods such as the hydroperoxide method discussed in Sect. 4.1.4, can be used. The hydroperoxide method is preferred for determining the reactivity of peroxy radicals formed from readily obtainable hydroperoxides. It is not satisfactory if the hydroperoxide is not stable, if it is not appreciably soluble in the reaction mixture, as is the case for H02H,... 

As stated, the comparison of the calculated and experimental results is very difficult. Most of the molecules under investigation represent highly strained systems for which calculations parametrized for standard hydrocarbons might be of limited accuracy or even fail because minor inaccuracies in potential functions and/or parameters used, which do not impair results for less congested molecules, may influence those for highly strained systems. 

If the zero-order method of section 2.6 reveals to be efficient, then it should be used to compare fast and slow oxidizing hydrocarbons (alkenes and methane for example). It is expected that the activation energy is constant in a homologous series of hydrocarbons. Then, the ratio of the rates of reaction should Be close to the ratio of the zero-order kinetic constants determined with the LO ciuves. This fortunate situation would enable one to scale the rates of oxidation of various hydrocarbons with respect to a standard hydrocarbon (propylene for example). 

Uses Component of gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, petrol, solvents such as wh. spirit solvent standardized hydrocarbon org. synthesis paper and rubber industries constituent of polyolefin mfg. wastes cosmetics ingred. Manuf./Distrib. Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com, ChevronPhillips http //www.cpchem.com, Fluka http //www.sigma-aldrich.com-. Sigma Triple Crown Am. http //www.triplecrownamerica.com... 

Uses Organic synthesis solvent standardized hydrocarbon distillation chaser fragrance in cosmetics... 

Also the paint industry, formerly the main end-user of solvents, attempted to produce a quantitative solvent power data system [5]. This related solvency to certain standard solutes, used in their industry. These could either be a well-known natural (Kauri-resin) or later a synthetic (nitrocellulose) paint binder. The result was the introduction of the Kauri-Butanol number, which applies to hydrocarbon solvents only and the NC-dilution ratio which is used for oxygenated solvents. Another test, used in conjunction with hydrocarbon solvents, is based on the fact that aniline is hardly miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons but mixes very well with aromatics. The Kauri-Butanol (KB) number as defined in ASTM D 1133 is a measure of the tolerance of a standard solution of Kauri resin in -butanol to hydrocarbon diluent. Standard hydrocarbon solvents used to calibrate the Kauri solution are toluene (KB-number 105) and a 75% v -heptane/25% v toluene blend (KB-number 40). The KB-value increases from approx. 20 to over 100 in the order ... 

The aniline point (ASTM D 611) is the lower equilibrium solution temperature for equal volumes of aniline and solvent. w-Heptane is the standard hydrocarbon solvent with an aniline point of 69.3 "C. The aniline point decreases from approx. 90°C for isoparaffins to 10°C for solvents with a medium aromatic content. Highly aromatic solvents result in values below 0°C so that the aniline can crystallise from the mixture. Mixed aniline points (ASTM D 1012) are used in these cases. This is the minimum equilibrium solution temperature of a mixture of two volumes of aniline, one volume of solvent and one volume of w-heptane. The relationship between the KB-number and aniline point for zero to medium aromatic content hydrocarbon solvents is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.2 demonstrates the relationship between aniline and mixed aniline points. Toluene/ i-heptane blends have been used for its determination. The relationship between KB-number and mixed aniline points for solvents with a medium to high aromatic contents is given in Figure 2.3. 

Weirauch, Wendy. EMS to acquire ISO standards. Hydrocarbon Processing. 74(9) 33. 

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