Paraffin synthetic

A Comparison of the Environmental Performance November 2006 of Olefin and Paraffin Synthetic Base Fluids (SBF). American Chemistry Council, Washington, DC, 2006. 

Methyl Ethyl Cellulose Microcrystalline Wax Paraffin, Synthetic Petroleum Wax Petroleum Wax, Synthetic Poloxamer... 

Paraffin, Synthetic, occurs as a white wax that is very hard at room temperature. It is synthesized by the Fischer-Tropsch process from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which are cata-lytically converted to a mixture of paraffin hydrocarbons the lower-molecular-weight fractions are removed by distillation, and the residue is hydrogenated and further treated by percolation through activated charcoal. It is soluble in hot hydrocarbon solvents. 

Paraffin, Synthetic (Mineral Oil Mull) View Monograph... 

Ross Wax 165 [Frank B. Ross] Vanwax H [R.T. Vanderbilt http //www.rtvanderbilt.com], Vanwax H Special [R.T. Vanderbilt http //www.rtvanderbilt.com], Vanwax OZ [R.T. Vanderbilt http //www.rtvanderbiit.com] See aiso Microcrystalline wax Paraffin Synthetic wax... 

Laminates containing thixotropic agents and/or antimony trioxide have readings 3-5 units higher. Use of paraffin, synthetic fibre overlays, or an unreinforced gel coat may reduce the Barcol reading by 3-10 units. 

In contrast to trace impurity removal, the use of adsorption for bulk separation in the liquid phase on a commercial scale is a relatively recent development. The first commercial operation occurred in 1964 with the advent of the UOP Molex process for recovery of high purity / -paraffins (6—8). Since that time, bulk adsorptive separation of liquids has been used to solve a broad range of problems, including individual isomer separations and class separations. The commercial availability of synthetic molecular sieves and ion-exchange resins and the development of novel process concepts have been the two significant factors in the success of these processes. This article is devoted mainly to the theory and operation of these Hquid-phase bulk adsorptive separation processes. 

Sasol produces synthetic fuels and chemicals from coal-derived synthesis gas. Two significant variations of this technology have been commercialized, and new process variations are continually under development. Sasol One used both the fixed-bed (Arge) process, operated at about 240°C, as weU as a circulating fluidized-bed (Synthol) system operating at 340°C. Each ET reactor type has a characteristic product distribution that includes coproducts isolated for use in the chemical industry. Paraffin wax is one of the principal coproducts of the low temperature Arge process. Alcohols, ketones, and lower paraffins are among the valuable coproducts obtained from the Synthol process. 

In 1991, the relatively old and small synthetic fuel production faciHties at Sasol One began a transformation to a higher value chemical production facihty (38). This move came as a result of declining economics for synthetic fuel production from synthesis gas at this location. The new faciHties installed in this conversion will expand production of high value Arge waxes and paraffins to 123,000 t/yr in 1993. Also, a new faciHty for production of 240,00 t/yr of ammonia will be added. The complex will continue to produce ethylene and process feedstock from other Sasol plants to produce alcohols and higher phenols. 

A number of chemical products are derived from Sasol s synthetic fuel operations based on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis including paraffin waxes from the Arge process and several polar and nonpolar hydrocarbon mixtures from the Synthol process. Products suitable for use as hot melt adhesives, PVC lubricants, cormgated cardboard coating emulsions, and poHshes have been developed from Arge waxes. Wax blends containing medium and hard wax fractions are useful for making candles, and over 20,000 t/yr of wax are sold for this appHcation. 

Therm alane L is a synthetic paraffin intended for low temperature appHcations. Therm alane 600 and Therm alane 800 are synthetic paraffins. 

The normal paraffins produced are raw materials for the manufacture of biodegradable detergents, plasticizers, alcohols, and synthetic proteins. Removal of the / -paraffins upgrades gasoline by improving the octane rating. 

A few companies, eg, Enichem in Italy, Mitsubishi in Japan, and a plant under constmction at Eushun in China, separate the olefins from the paraffins to recover high purity (95—96%) linear internal olefins (LIO) for use in the production of oxo-alcohols and, in one case, in the production of polylinear internal olefins (PIO) for use in synthetic lubricants (syn lubes). In contrast, the UOP Olex process is used for the separation of olefins from paraffins in the Hquid phase over a wide carbon range. 

Additioaal uses for higher olefias iaclude the productioa of epoxides for subsequeat coaversioa iato surface-active ageats, alkylatioa of benzene to produce drag-flow reducers, alkylation of phenol to produce antioxidants, oligomeriza tion to produce synthetic waxes (qv), and the production of linear mercaptans for use in agricultural chemicals and polymer stabilizers. Aluminum alkyls can be produced from a-olefias either by direct hydroalumination or by transalkylation. In addition, a number of heavy olefin streams and olefin or paraffin streams have been sulfated or sulfonated and used in the leather (qv) iadustry. 

As solvents, the amyl alcohols are intermediate between hydrocarbon and the more water-miscible lower alcohol and ketone solvents. Eor example, they are good solvents and diluents for lacquers, hydrolytic fluids, dispersing agents in textile printing inks, industrial cleaning compounds, natural oils such as linseed and castor, synthetic resins such as alkyds, phenoHcs, urea —formaldehyde maleics, and adipates, and naturally occurring gums, such as shellac, paraffin waxes, rosin, and manila. In solvent mixtures they dissolve cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and ceUulosic ethers. 

Catalytic Oxidation for Straight-Chain Paraffinic Hydrocarbons. Synthetic fatty acids (SFA) are produced by Eastern European countries, Russia, and China using a manganese-catalyzed oxidation of selected paraffinic streams. The technology is based on German developments that were in use during World War II. The production volume in 1984 was estimated to be about 5.5 x ICf t/yr. The oxidation is highly exothermic and is carried out at about 105—125°C, mostly in continuous equipment. 

Base-plate wax compositions are generally regarded as trade secrets. A substantial percentage of paraffin is usually present, probably 50—80 wt %. Beeswax [8012-89-3] camauba wax [8015-86-9] ceresin, microcrystalline waxes, Acrawax C (Glyco Products Co. Inc.), mastic gum, rosin [8050-09-7] and synthetic resins may make up the balance of the formulation. Base-plate waxes are generally sold in sheet form about 1.3 mm thick, 75 mm wide, and 140 mm long. 

In addition to its water solubility poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) is soluble in a very wide range of materials, including aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons (methylene dichloride, chloroform), many monohydric and polyhdric alcohols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol), some ketones (acetyl acetone) and lactones (a-butyrolactone), lower aliphatic acids (glacial acetic acid) and the nitro-paraffins. The polymer is also compatible with a wide range of other synthetic polymers, with gums and with plasticisers. 

The increased polarity of the acrylic polymers puts more stringent requirements on the properties of the tackifiers or plasticizers that can be used. The very low polarity additives commonly found in rubber based PSAs are not useful in most acrylic PSA formulations. For example, materials like paraffin waxes, mineral oils, and synthetic hydrocarbon tackifiers have little or no value in most acrylic PSAs. 

Synthetic waxes consist of Fischer-Tropsch, polyethylene, and specialty waxes. Fischer-Tropsch waxes are produced from synthesis gas (CO and H2). They are often termed synthetic paraffin . Crystallinity is similar to paraffin, but with a higher and bimodal melting point (see Figs. 11 and 12). F-T waxes are used instead of paraffin where higher heat resistance is needed. 

Molecular sieves are an adsorbent that is produced by the dehydration of naturally occurring or synthetic zeolites (crystalline alkali-metal aluminosilicates). The dehydration leaves inter-crystalline cavities into which normal paraffin molecules are selectively retained and other molecules are excluded. This process is used to remove normal paraffins from gasoline fuels for improved combustion. Molecular sieves are used to manufacture high-purity solvents. 

Methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is the lowest member of the paraffin alcohols, and although it occurs to a small extent in the free state in a few essential oils it is not a perfume material at all, and, being very soluble in water, is entirely washed out of the oil by the distillation waters. There are, however, a number of highly odorous esters of methyl alcohol which are indispensable in synthetic perfumery. These are as follows —... 

Acetylenes have hijh synthetic utility, and hydrogenation of the triple bond occurs in many reaction sequences (7). Often the goal of this reduction is formation of the cis olefin, which usually can be achieved in very high yields (for an exception, see Ref. 10). Continued reduction gives the paraffin. Experimentally, both the relative and absolute rates of acetylene and olefin hydrogenation have been found to depend on the catalyst, substrate, solvent, reaction conditions, and hydrogen availability at the catalyst surface. Despite these complexities, high yields of desired product usually can be obtained without difficulty. 

Normal paraffins in this range are important intermediates for alkylating benzene for synthetic detergents production (Chapter 10). They are also good feedstocks for single-cell protein (SCP). 

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