High Manufacture

Because orr/zo-xylene is more readily isolated and purified (by distillation), it costs less than para-xylene. Like all petrochemicals, prices depend on the price of crude oil but in early 2001, mixed-xylene was about 17 cents/lb while para-xylene was only about 15 cents due to high manufacturing capacity and low demand for use for making terephthalic acid. In the extremely high volumes in which such chemicals are sold, fractions of a penny difference in price can be very important. 

Clearly the full potential of CIS PV devices has not been fully exploited, since the combination of group I-III-VI2 elements can result in a variety of end products. Therefore, standards need to be defined that can associate device processing, fabrication, and film composition to cell band gap and efficiency. Spray CVD in conjunction with SSP design provides a proof-of-concept for a reproducible highly manufacturable process. Items that need more investigation include (1) precursor design development of more volatile/thermally... 

Even if this class covers the smallest market segment, amphoteric surfactants still remain useful because of their unique properties, which justifies their comparably high manufacturing costs. Since they have partial anionic and cationic character, they can be compatible, under specific conditions, with both anionic and cationic surfactants. They can function in acid or basic pH systems and, at their isoelectric point, they exhibit special behaviour. Many amphoteric surfactants demonstrate exceptional foaming and detergency properties combined with antistatic effects. 

The major issue found in testing is the corrosion of the foam material and resultant contamination of the membrane. The high manufacturing cost of the metal or carbon foam with the required pore shape, size, and distribution also is a challenge. Further study and testing of the corrosion mechanism, selection of appropriate coating, a capillary process involved in the tiny pores, and related water retention are necessary to identify whether the new material and concept can be finally applied in the plate. 

Fazan PC, Mathews VK. A highly manufacturable trench isolation process for deep submicron DRAMs. lEDM Technical Digest Dec 1993. p57-60. 

The disadvantage of this method is the high manufacturing cost of whiskers and the difficulties associated with processing them into homogeneous composites, e.g., mixing and densification. As a result, the whisker volume present in the composites is practically limited to 30 to 40 vol % when pressure-assisted densification techniques are employed and to be-... 

Currently-used non-linear-optical materials are single inorganic crystals and they have obvious drawbacks such as high manufacturing costs. The drive is... 

That observation is consistent with both the high manufacturing temperature of the fumed silica and its low hydroxyl surface density ( 3.65 OH groups per square nanometer ... 

It was first used for plant protection in 1957 against powdery mildew fungi (Dekker and Van der Hoek-Scheuer, 1964) Botrytis and Cercospora spp. Because of very high manufacturing costs, it has not been widely used, but it is still useful in some specific instances. For example, griseofulvin has been used in Japan since 1959 against the fusarium wilt of watermelon and rot diseases of apple blossom (Misato,... 

CVD of conducting nitrides is very likely to be introduced into industrial applications in the near future. In particular. CVD of TiN has been demonstrated to be highly manufacturable while maintaining good performance. Although it is possible today to deposit TiN films at 480 °C with a low chlorine content and achieve a high step coverage, these specifications are not yet sufficient for applications in microelectronics. Therefore, research must continue for further improvement of the deposition. 

The central problem inhibiting a wider market penetration of fuel cells is the high manufacturing costs. The costs of fuel cells were approximately 20,000 Euro per kilowatt power in 2002 [2]. 

High manufacturing cost of components, especially for the interconnection materials. 

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