Synthetic Wax

Synthetic waxes Synthine process Synthoil Synthol... 

Acid mixtures are used to oxidize and remove the dark materials. Proper control gives a series of bleached waxes. A white wax requires double refining and reduces the yield to about 30% of the cmde wax input. A series of synthetic waxes is prepared by separating the acids and alcohols produced during saponification of the wax and reesterifying them with acids or alcohols selected to give desired properties of hardness, solubiHty, emulsification, and gloss. 

Additioaal uses for higher olefias iaclude the productioa of epoxides for subsequeat coaversioa iato surface-active ageats, alkylatioa of benzene to produce drag-flow reducers, alkylation of phenol to produce antioxidants, oligomeriza tion to produce synthetic waxes (qv), and the production of linear mercaptans for use in agricultural chemicals and polymer stabilizers. Aluminum alkyls can be produced from a-olefias either by direct hydroalumination or by transalkylation. In addition, a number of heavy olefin streams and olefin or paraffin streams have been sulfated or sulfonated and used in the leather (qv) iadustry. 

Eatty bisamides are used primarily to kicrease sHp, reduce blocking, and reduce static ki polymeric systems. Other specialty appHcations kiclude cosolvents or coupling agents for polyamide reskis, fillers for electrical kisulation coatings, additives for asphalt to reduce cold flow, and synthetic waxes for textile treatments (68). Bisamides have been used ki all the traditional primary amide appHcations to kicrease lubricity and have become the amide of choice because of thek better efficiency. Bisamides have the highest commercial value ki the amide market. 

A classification by chemical type is given ia Table 1. It does not attempt to be either rigorous or complete. Clearly, some materials could appear ia more than one of these classifications, eg, polyethylene waxes [9002-88 ] can be classified ia both synthetic waxes and polyolefins, and fiuorosihcones ia sihcones and fiuoropolymers. The broad classes of release materials available are given ia the chemical class column, the principal types ia the chemical subdivision column, and one or two important selections ia the specific examples column. Many commercial products are difficult to place ia any classification scheme. Some are of proprietary composition and many are mixtures. For example, metallic soaps are often used ia combination with hydrocarbon waxes to produce finely dispersed suspensions. Many products also contain formulating aids such as solvents, emulsifiers, and biocides. 

Spermaceti. Spermaceti [8002-23-1] is derived from the head oil of the sperm whale. Owing to the present status of the sperm whale as an endangered species, however, the material is no longer an item of commerce and has been replaced by other natural and synthetic waxes. 

Viscosity. Although traditionally of Httle importance in the evaluation of vegetable and insect waxes, viscosity is an important test for mineral and synthetic waxes. One of the most frequently used tests, ASTM D88, is used to measure the time in seconds required for a specified quantity of wax at a specified temperature to flow by gravity through an orifice of specified dimensions. This viscosity is expressed in Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at the temperature of the test. The SI unit for kinematic viscosity is mm /s (=cSt). 

Acid Number. The acid number (ASTM D1386) is the milligrams of potassium hydroxide necessary to neutralize one gram of wax, and indicates the amount of free carboxyflc acid present. The test is widely used for vegetable and insect waxes, and synthetic waxes containing carboxyflc acid groups. 

Synthetic waxes consist of Fischer-Tropsch, polyethylene, and specialty waxes. Fischer-Tropsch waxes are produced from synthesis gas (CO and H2). They are often termed synthetic paraffin . Crystallinity is similar to paraffin, but with a higher and bimodal melting point (see Figs. 11 and 12). F-T waxes are used instead of paraffin where higher heat resistance is needed. 

Sweet N Low. See saccharin syneresis, 102-103 synthetic wax. See sorbitan monostearate syrups, 115... 

Pressing is carried out within a cemented carbide die between two steel or cemented carbide punches. In order to impart enough mechanical strength to the blank to permit further manipulation without risk, removable organic binders (camphor, natural or synthetic waxes, latex or synthetic rubber, methyl polymethacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, ammonium alginate) are mixed into the powder, dissolved in a convenient volatile solvent. Some of these also act as lubricants thus minimizing the wear on the die. 

In addition to the natural waxes, a number of synthetic waxes were analysed with GALDI-MS carboxylic acids (Hoechst wax-L, -S), esters (Hoechst wax-FL, -H, -O), and glycol esters (Hoechst wax-KP, -KPS). In most cases, significant mass spectra were obtained. The mass spectrum of polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) showed a series of signals the spacing of m/z 44 between the signals corresponds to one oxyethylene unit. 

Synthetic waxes, 26 218-221 Synthetic zeolite powders, agglomeration of, 16 834-835 Synthetic zeolites, 16 829... 

Uses. In synthetic wax in electric wire insulation in lubricants... 

Uses. Synthetic wax dielectrics in capacitors wire insulation... 

Hexotol, which. corresponds to the US Brit Cyclotol, is a Swedish expl mixture usually containing 60% Hexogen (RDX) 40% Tol (TNT). It has been manufd by AB Bofors-Nobelkrut in the form of granules. It corresponds to US Composition B-2 which is described in Vol 3, Table on p C479. When 1% of synthetic wax is added to 60/40 mixture, the expl becomes Composition B. Hexotol has been used in Sweden for. cast-loading shells at a density of 1.65-1.70. It is almost as insensitive to impact as TNT, but much more sensitive to initiation. 

During WWII, the Germans developed several illuminating mixtures, containing 14-28% of polyvinylchloride (either additionally chlorinated or not) together with 17-35% of magnesium powder, 50-61% of oxidizer and 1 to 5% of vaseline or synthetic wax (Ref 3)... 

Sodium Trimetaphosphate Sodium Tripolyphosphate Synthetic Wax (Ethylene Polymer) Tannic Acid... 

In a search for a greater variety and more effective desensitizers, a study was undertaken to investigate commercially available synthetic waxes (Ref 26). The study was primarily to determine the effects of these inert materials on the stability and expl characteristics of the more sensitive expls. Of 17 materials examined, the following four were found promising in rendering PETN less sensitive 90/10 Aristowax/Alox 600 Aristowax 150-5 Beeswax substitute 776 Pentawax 177 (85/15 pentaerythritol/dipenta-erythritol hexastearate)... 

Melt Loading the 105mm MI Projectile with Composition B Containing Grade B Wax , PATR 4854(1975) 100) W.S. Wilson, Wax Desensitizers , 5th Quadripartite Ammo Conference, Paper 3.2, Materials Res Labs, Australia (1975) 101) W.C. Hogge E.R. Cousins, Evaluation of Synthetic Waxes for Desensitizing Explosives , NWSY TR-75-3 (1975) 102) R.T. Kemp ... 

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