Oilseeds Olive

The solubility of C60 and C70 in a series of vegetable oils, namely olive, sunflower, peanut, soybean, linseed and castor oil, has been determined quantitatively spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the solubility of C60 and C70 has been determined quantitatively in the methyl esters of brassica oilseed and only qualitatively in molten cow butter, molten stearic acid and molten behenamide. The experimental results show that the solubility of fullerenes appears to be dependent on the unsaturation level of the fatty acids composing the vegetable oils being lower in oils with higher unsaturation level. The solubility has been found dependent also on the polarizability parameter of the vegetable oils. 

Fullerenes were high purity grades (99 + %) from Southern Chemicals LLC. Vegetable oils were commercially available oils from olive, linseed, soybean, sunflower, peanut and castor. A methyl ester of brassica oilseed also was employed. 

Fatty acid Chain length Unsaturations Brassica oilseed (%) Sunflower (%) Soybean (%) Linseed (%) Olive (%) Peanut (%) Castor (%)... 

Fig. 13.3 Electronic absorption spectra of C60 fullerene dissolved in (A) brassica oilseeds methyl ester (biodiesel) (B) olive oil (C) sunflower oil (D) soybean oil (E) linseed oil (F) linseed oil and C60 fullerene after heating at 150°C for 15 minutes...

Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by-products rapeseed, expeller and hulls soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls sunflower seed as seed and expeller cotton as seed and seed expeller linseed as seed and expeller sesame seed as expeller palm kernels as expeller pumpkin seed as expeller olives, olive pulp vegetable oils (from physical extraction). (Turnip rapeseed expeller was delisted in 2004.)... 

Continuous screw presses are used (1) for extracting fats and oils in small operations where investment capital or supplies of raw materials are limited and installation of a solvent extraction plant is impractical (2) to partially defat high-oil content seeds for easier handling in subsequent solvent extraction or hard pressing and (3) for extraction of animal flesh and bones, fish, and fleshy-type oilseeds such as palm fruit, olives, and copra (dried coconut meat ), and oilseeds. These machines have been generically referred to as expellers, but the Expeller trademark belongs to Anderson International Corporation, Cleveland, OH, successor to the company founded by Valerius D. Anderson who patented the first continuous screw press in 1899. 

In most southern European countries, fruit and vegetables are the most important products followed by cereals, except in Greece where oilseeds (mostly olives) are the most important product on the national organic food market. 

Schmechel D, McCartney HA, Halsey K The development of immunological techniques for the detection and evaluation of fungal disease inoculum in oilseed rape crops in Schots A, Dewey FM, Oliver R (eds) Modern Assays for Plant Pathogenic Fungi Identification, Detection and Quantification. Oxford, CAB, 1994, pp 247-253. 

The organ fats of domestic animals, such as cattle and hogs, and milk fat are important raw materials for fat production. Edible oils are mostly of plant origin. Olive oil and palm oil are extracted from fruits. All other oils are extracted from oilseeds. The world production of oilseeds and other crops has significantly increased in recent years to meet the growing needs for oils and fats in the world. 

Extraction. The raw material for the fat and oil industry comes from animals (hogs, sheep, and fatty fish) fleshy fruits (palm and olive) and various oilseeds. Most oilseeds are grown specifically for processing of oils and protein meals. 

Although Table 1 lists the fatty acid compositions of various lipids, this is not the only or the final arbiter of their classification. As opposed to vegetable fats and oils (other than olive oil), where only one oil is generally identified as originating from an oilseed (e.g., corn oil), a diversity of definitions and specifications is used in the identification of and trade in animal fat products. These often include statements of the allowed limits of any number of quality parameters. 

It is also possible to distinguish between oils from seeds, such as soybean and rapeseed, and those coming from the fleshy part of a fruit such as pahn and olive. An important point here is that for oilseeds, exports and imports are as seeds as well... 

The olive oil industry is the only oilseed industry still using hydraulic presses today. This is possible because of the price premium paid for natural olive oil, processed without the use of heat or chemicals. 

Another distinction that is sometimes made is between oilseed crops and those vegetable oils which come from the endosperm (soft fleshy fruit). Palm and olive belong to this category. 

There are several minor oilseeds that an important because of their special characteristics, properties, nutritional and health benefits. These include high-y-linolenic oils (evening primrose, borage or starflower and blackcurrant), virgin olive oil (Chapter 9), and the seed oils from sesame, rice bran, pumpkin, hemp and melon. This chapter deals with three minor vegetable oils, namely sesame seed oil, rice bran oil, and flaxseed (linseed and linola) oil. 

Enzymes have also been used to increase oil and protein release. Reports on rapeseed, sunflower, coconut, olive, and cottonseed have shown a high oil extraction yield using enzymes in the aqueous medium. Enzymes can be used to assist in the extraction of oils. It has been shown that a mixture of cell wall-degrading enzymes such as hemicellulases, cellulases, and pectinases can materially assist in oil extraction, particularly under mild conditions, by liquefying the structural ceU waU components of the oilseed. 

TAGs are the most important storage components of seeds in many plants, ineluding oilseeds, such as sunflower (Helianthus amuus), rapeseed Brassica napus), soybean Glycine max), etc. [41]. At the same time, such plants as the olive Olea europaed), avoeado Persea americand), durian Durio zibethinus), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), sea buekthom (Hippophae rhamnoides) and some others, accumulate TAG not only in the seeds, but also in juicy fruit parts outside the seeds (pericarp, hypanthium, etc.) [42-46] (see below). 

Oil crops are not a phylogenic taxonomic group but a grouping of plants with the same agronomic specificity. Oil crops include plants whose seeds fruits or mesocarp and nuts are valued mainly for the edible or industrial oils that are extracted from them. These crops could be annual, usually called oilseeds (e.g., rapeseed, soya, sunflower), or perennial (e.g. olive, palm). 

The oil crops have been cultivated since antiquity. Rapeseed was described in the Indian Sanskrit writings of 2000 Bc and sesame seed was already known in ancient times. For the past half century, the cultivation of oil-bearing plants has increased considerably. There are several species of plants in the world whose oil can be utiUzed for human consumption. Although Lennarts (1983) described forty different oilseeds, there are only ten edible oil crops of commercial value in the world market. Seven of these are seed crops (cottonseed, groundnuts, rapeseed, safflower seed, sesame seed, soybeans and sunflower seed), and three are tree crops (coconut, olives and oil palm/kemels). Cultivation of several of these crops (coconut with copra, and oil palm/palm kernels) is limited almost exclusively to developing countries, where the most favourable climatic and soil conditions are available. However, some are annual crops and some are perennial (tree) crops, and these have very different possibilities of responding to changes in the world market. 

The oils are sold and consumed as pure oil from a single oilseed plant or fruit plant, for exanqtle, olive, sunflower or com oils, or are marketed and used as blended oils, which are generally designated as edible, cooking, frying, table or salad oil. 

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