Sesame oil from

Each year, the world consumes close to 120 million MT of edible fats and oils (14). Soybean oil is the leading oil that accounts for 30% of the world production of edible fats and oils. In 2003, it is closely followed by palm oil, whereas rapeseed oil ranked third has only one-third of the production tonnage of soybean oil. Sesame oil, with an annual production of 760,000 MT in 2003, is the twelfth largest vegetable oil produced in the world, higher in quantity than olive oil and safflower oil (13). The production of sesame oil increased 20% in the recent 10 years, it was 632,000 MT in 1992. China has almost doubled the production of sesame oil (from 142,000 to 210,000 MT), whereas India has decreased the production by 44% (from 236,000 to 131,000 MT) in the above period. Both China and India are the largest producers of sesame oil, together they account for nearly half of the total world production of sesame oil. Besides China and India, Myanmar, Sudan, and Japan are the top five sesame oil producers. 

The extraction of sesame oil from roasted sesame seed is generally performed with pressing. Solvent extraction is not used because the desirable roasted flavor may be removed during evaporation of solvent. In commercial production, continuous screw-press or hydraulic press is employed (42). The hydraulic press can be vertical or horizontal. The continuous screw may be operated twice in order to increase the oil yield (82). Proper cooking (100°C, 7 min) and addition of water (12.5%) after roasting can also raise the oil yield (83). 

Sesame oil from roasted sesame seed has the characteristic flavor and color of the roasted sesame oil the filtered crude oil is used without further refining. Sesame oil from cold-pressed unroasted sesame seed is also used directly after filtration as a flavored oil. Crude sesame oil from unroasted sesame seeds after screw-press or hydraulic press or solvent extraction, which varies in color from yellow to dark amber, may need further refining. Refined sesame oil is usually pale yellow in color. 

The major use of sesame oil in pharmaceutical formulations is as a solvent in the preparation of sustained-release intramuscular injections of steroids, such as estradiol valerate, hydroxy-progesterone caproate, testosterone enanthate, and nandrolone decanoate, or other oil-soluble drug substances, such as, the decanoates or enanthate esters of fluphenazine. The disappearance of sesame oil from the injection site, following subcutaneous or intramuscular administration to pigs, has been reported to have a half-life of about 23 days. ... 

Fig. 6. Relationship among the t,-, viscosity of the oil phase, and effective supercooling for blends of palm stearin in sesame oil (from Ref. 9).

The unsaponifiable material (1-3%) consists mainly of sterols, tocopherols and sesame lignans. For four cultivated species of S. indicum, the level of unsaponifiable material has been reported to be 1.4—1.8% (Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist 1994b). The sesame oils from these species contained total sterols (0.51-0.76%), including desmethyl sterols (85-89%), monomethyl sterols (9-11%) and triterpene alcohols (dimethyl sterols) (2-4%) respectively. (1-Sitosterol (62-67%), campesterol (15-20%), stigmasterol (5-8%) and A5-avenasterol (7-10%) are the major sterols present in both free and esterified forms. The monomethyl sterols, namely gramisterol, citrostadienol and obtusi-foliol, were present mainly as esters. The total sterols contained 65% in free and 35% in esterified form. Composition (% wt) data of the desmethyl sterols, monomethyl sterols and dimethyl sterols (tritepene alcohols) of four Sesamum species are listed in Table 11.4. Tocopherols of crude sesame oils are generally... 

Abou-Gharbia, H.A. Shahidi, F. Shehata, A.A.Y. Youseff, M.M. Oxidative stability of extracted sesame oil from raw and processed seeds. J. Food Lipids, 1996, 3, 59-72. 

He shou wu, a herhal formulation has been used for the treatment of skin tumors. For topical use, the powder is mixed with sesame oil and applied. He shou wu has been used for centuries to help maintain the youthful color of one s hair and also to help diminish hair loss. Holy basil contains ursolic acid (Fig. 7) — one of the cosmetic industry s latest favorites because not only does it quickly heal the skin, it also improves elasticity and removes wrinkles. It also shows benefits for preventing skin cancer. A poultice made from the herh is used topically for its antifungal and antibacterial actions. ... 

Kita, S., Y. Matsumura, S. Morimoto, et al. Antihypertensive effect of sesamin. 11. Protection against two-kidney, one-clip renal hypertension and cardiovascular hypertrophy. Biol PharmBull 1995 18(9) 1283-1285. Kamal-Eldin, A., D. Pettersson, and L. A. Appelqvist. Sesamin (compound from sesame oil) increases tocopherol levels in rats fed ad libitum. Lipids 1995 30(6) 499-505. 

Semidrying oils arc intermediate in nature. The principal semidrying oils are cotton-seed oil. Soyabean oil, corn or maize oil and sesame oil, The loiter is obtained from the seeds of Sesamun indicutn. a member of the Pedaiiaceue. cultivated in India, China and Japan, where the oil is much used as a loud oil and for cooking. 

Oishi et al. (1992) compared the results from classical iodometric PV determinations of edible oils and fats to those using a coulometric detector. Results from each technique expressed as meq active oxygen/kg sample, were consistent with one another. Typical results were sesame oil (4.1), corn oil (8.7), cottonseed oil (14.5), rapeseed oil (33.2), peanut oil (30.5), olive oil (17.0), palm oil (8.9), beef tallow (2.5), and lard (35.0). 

Compounds were given orally in sesame oil at dosages from 10 to 100 mg/kg to male mice. 

Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by-products rapeseed, expeller and hulls soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls sunflower seed as seed and expeller cotton as seed and seed expeller linseed as seed and expeller sesame seed as expeller palm kernels as expeller pumpkin seed as expeller olives, olive pulp vegetable oils (from physical extraction). (Turnip rapeseed expeller was delisted in 2004.)... 

Table 4.1.32A. Sesame meal expeller (IFN 5-04-220). The ground residual product obtained after extraction of most of the oil from Sesamum indicum seeds by a mechanical extraction process (not defined by AAFCO or CFIA).

Sample b c roasted (bread, coffee, peanut, walnut, malt), burnt, popcorn, slightly rancid, heated cooking oil Sample ds heated cooking oil, deep-frying fat, solvent, old paint Since the panel found no difference between samples b and c in the triangle test, it was not possible to ask for two distinct "profiles" in the descriptive test. However, it was evident that samples b and c were the most attractive oils from a flavor point of view. There were similarities with sesame oil and Swedish crispbread. 

Isolates from oils from roasted oats (b, c) were quite different in odor compared with those described above. Notes such as roasted, peanut, butterscotch, sesame seeds, creamy, caramel-like were used. Among the compounds identified, furanmethanol (2-furfurylalcohol), 2-methylfurfural, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine and acetylpyrazine were given these pleasant descriptions. Moreover, the stability of oils extracted from roasted oats were better than that of oils extracted directly from crude oats (Fors Eriksson, submitted for publication 1988). 

Oils can be extracted from raw or roasted seeds. The best grade oil coming from cold pressing and filtering. Most sesame oils are practically odourless with a pale yellow colour. Usually blended with other carriers, as it is a thicker... 

In rabbits administered several dilutions of acrolein percutaneously, the LDs°s ranged from 160-1000 mg/kg body weight, depending on the vehicle and concentration (Albin 1962). Salaman and Roe (1956) painted the backs of mice with 5 ppm acrolein (in sesame oil) for 10 weeks for a total dose of 12.6 mg and reported that acrolein did not cause mortality. 

The two naturally occurring drug and insecticide adjuvants, sesamin and sesamolin from sesame oil, were found to posses modest juvenile hormone activity and served as models for the design of the first aromatic juvenile hormone analogs (12. 13.). 

Common sources of saturated fats are beef, veal, lamb, pork and dairy products made from whole milk, as well as coconut and palm oil. Common sources of mono-unsaturated fats are olive oil and peanut oil, while poly-unsaturated fats are found in sunflower and sesame oils. 

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