Nutritional supplements selenium

Van Vleet JF. 1977. Protection by various nutritional supplements against lesions of selenium-vitamin E deficiency induced in ducklings fed tellurium or silver. Am J Vet Res 38 1393-1398. 

Roy, M., Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L., Wishe, H., Cohen, M.W., and Stotzky, G. 1994. Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell functions. I. Effect on lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 receptor expression. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 41, 103-114. Schrauzer, G.N. 1998a. Selenomethionine and selenium yeast appropriate forms of selenium for use in infant formulas and nutritional supplements. J. Med. Foods 1, 201-206. 

J. Zheng, W. Goessler, W. Kosmus, The chemical forms of selenium in selenium nutritional supplements an investigation by using HPLC/ICP MS and GF/AAS, Trace Elem. Electrol., 15 (1998), 70D75. 

K. L. Sutton, C. A. Ponce de Leon, K. L. Ackley, R. M. C. Sutton, A. M. Stalcup, J. A. Caruso, Development of chiral HPLC for selenoamino acids with ICP-MS detection application to selenium nutritional supplements, Analyst, 125 (2000), 281-286. 

Selenium sulfide is used as an antiseborrheic agent and as a shampoo in the treatment of Tinea versicolor. Selenite is also found in mineral supplements and is used in parenteral nutrition. However, selenium has gained undeserved popularity as a constituent of health foods and alternative tonics, perhaps because selenium deficiency has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some forms of malnutrition in children. However, even in children with selenium deficiency the benefit to harm balance has not been estabhshed. Indeed, in protein deficiency it seems to be particularly toxic. Nor is there any serious basis for its reputation as a remedy for cystic fibrosis, to prevent aging, or as a sexual stimulant. 

Clark RF, Strukle E, Williams SR, et al. 1996b. Selenium poisoning from a nutritional supplement. JAMA 275(14) 1087-1088. 

Gonzalez MJ, Rodriguez JR. 1988. Inhibition of sarcoma tumorigenesis in Balb/C mice by supplemented selenium. Nutrition Reports International 37(l) 41-46. 

Yu SY, Zhu YJ, Li WG, et al. 1991. A preliminary report on the intervention trials of primary liver cancer in high-risk populations with nutritional supplementation of selenium in China. Biol Trace Elem Res 29(3) 289-294. 

Mineral supplements are sold as organic or inorganic salts of metals synthesized by the chemical industry. Because minerals are generally recovered by mining ores or from byproducts of chemical processes, their use as nutritional supplements may not result in a mineral form that can be taken up by the body—one that is readily bioavailable. Some metals such as selenium and chromium are also offered as complexes with yeast to give a more organic nature to the products. ... 

The allium plant family exhibits selenium chemistry and high-selenium garlic has found promise in mammary cancer prevention. At present, no selenium-enriched food or nutritional supplements have been fully characterized with respect to selenium compounds. 

Hair and nails Incidental cases reflecting the use of nutritional supplements that escape regulation and quality control have been reported in two cases there were signs consistent with selenium poisoning after use of a dietary supplement called Total Body Formula [45 ]. 

Aldosary BM, Sutter ME, Schwartz M, Morgan BW. Case series of selenium toxicity from a nutritional supplement. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012 50(l) 57-64. 

SPECIALTY FOODS AND HIGHLY POTENT NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS. It is fortunate that most consumers are not able to purchase pure mineral salts and to mix them into their foods, because without special measuring equipment and experience in preparing such mixtures, it is very easy to add toxic excesses of trace elements like iodine and selenium to foods. However, even some of the products that are sold by health food stores may have undesirable, or even toxic effects, because they are very rich in certain minerals. The potentially hazardous products may be considered as highly potent nutritionai suppiements, in order to distinguish them from the less potent specialty foods, which are usually safe in the amounts consumed. Table M-27 shows the approximate amounts of these minerals that are provided by various specialty foods and nutritional supplements. 

MeHg contamination severely affects the growth of the fetus and often leads to congenital malformation and even fetal death. Nutritional supplementation of selenium, and treatment of pregnant women with thiamine, decreased neuro-developmental MeHg bio-reactivity [42],... 

As a constituent of selenoproteins, selenium has structural and enzymatic roles, e.g. as an antioxidant or catalyst. In addition to these enzymatic functions, selenium has some important health effects in relation to immune response and cancer prevention. There is growing evidence that selenium intakes higher than the dietary reference intake of 55 pg/day in combination with other antioxidants are associated with reduced cancer risk. " CE coupled to ICP-MS has been applied to investigate selenium speciation, particularly selenoamino acids, which are the principal dietary form of selenium. Today, there are several commercial nutritional selenium supplements available. Mounicou et al. have investigated selenium speciation in selenium-containing nutritional supplements by CE-ICP-MS, especially in selenium-enriched yeast... 

The Linxian, China, intervention trial provided evidence that nutritional supplementation may lower the risk of certain cancers. A modest but significant reduction in cancer mortality was observed in a general population trial in those receiving daily (for 5.25 years) a combination of /3-carotene (15 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), and selenium (50 pg). The subjects who received this mixture had a 13% lower incidence of cancer and a 10% lower mortality from stomach and oesophageal cancer than did the subjects who did not receive the mixture. In the ATBC study, male smokers who took vitamin E supplements had a 34% lower incidence of prostate cancer and 41% lower mortality from prostate cancer than did those who did not take the supplements. In the United States, in a nested case-control study conducted to examine the association of a-tocopherol, 7-tocopherol, and selenium with the incidence of prostate cancer, a striking fivefold reduction in risk was observed for the men in the highest quintile of 7-tocopherol compared with those in the lowest. Overall, evidence for the protection from cancer by vitamin E is not compelling. 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

In 1957, Schwartz and associates showed that the toxic element selenium was also a nutritional factor essential for prevention of the death of liver cells in rats.527 Liver necrosis would be prevented by as little as 0.1 ppm of selenium in the diet. Similar amounts of selenium were shown to prevent a muscular dystrophy called "white muscle disease" in cattle and sheep grazing on selenium-deficient soil. Sodium selenite and other inorganic selenium compounds were more effective than organic compounds in which Se had replaced sulfur. Keshan disease, an often fatal heart condition that is prevalent among childen in Se-deficient regions of China, can be prevented by supplementation of the diet with NaSe03.528 Even the little crustacean "water flea" Daphnia needs 0.1 part per billion of Se in its water.529... 

Vitamin E is required for normal growth and reproduction. The most important natural source is a-tocopherol found in plant oils and seeds. The ester form (e.g. vitamin E acetate) can be synthesized and is used for feed supplementation. One international unit is defined as being equivalent to the activity of 1 mg DL-a-tocopherol acetate. The nutritional role of vitamin E is closely interrelated with that of selenium and is involved mainly in the protection of lipid membranes such as cell walls from oxidative damage. Although these signs are similar to those of selenium deficiency, it is not possible to substitute selenium completely for vitamin E. Both nutrients are required in the diet. 

Reid ME, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Garland L, etal. Selenium supplementation and lung cancer incidence an update of the Nutritional Prevention Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2002 11 1285-1291. 

Peretz, A., Neve, J., Duchateau, J., Siderova, V., Huygen, K., Framaey, J.-P., and Carpentier, Y.A. 1994. Effects of selenium supplementation on immune parameters in gut failure patients on home parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 7, 215-221. 

---