Malformations, congenital

The incidence of congenital malformations such as cryptorchidism (undescended testes) and hypospadias (malformation of the penis) may have increased, but... 

World Health Organization, Congenital Malformations Worldwide A Reportfrom the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems, Elsevier, Oxford, 1991, p. 113. 

Parenteral Fluids. During the past ten years interest has been renewed in the total alimentation of the infant by vein (2). The motivation for this is the fact that neonates may suffer from some congenital malformation of the intestinal tract which would require surgical resection. If this is done, then one needs some outside way for alimentation, bypassing the intestine, until the intestine is able to heal and recover its normal function. This may take many weeks. A second source of motivation is the small premature infant weighing less than a kilogram, whose immature central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract make it difficult to establish nutrition by oral intake soon after birth. These also require total intravenous nutrition for a substantial period of time. 

Cordoer S, Ha M-C, Ayme S, et al. 1992. Maternal occupational exposure and congenital malformations. Scand J Work Environ Health 18 11-17. 

Congenital malformations 20,315 Other sources of carbon monoxide 354... 

Developmental Toxicity. Three human studies that described congenital malformations as an end point allow no definitive conclusion to be drawn regarding an association between prenatal lead exposure and the occurrence of congenital anomalies (Emhart et al. 1985, 1986 McMichael et al. 1986 ... 

Experimentally produced zinc deficiency in toad (Bufo arenarum) embryos resulted in adults with abnormal ovarian development, altered meiotic and ovulation processes, and embryos with a high incidence of congenital malformations (Herkovits et al. 1989). 

ACE inhibitors are absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy because of possible major congenital malformations associated with exposure in the first trimester and serious neonatal problems, including renal failure and death in the infant, from exposure during the second and third trimesters. 

The incidence of congenital malformation is approximately 3% to 5%, and it is estimated that 1% of all birth defects are caused by medication exposure. Adverse fetal drug effects depend on dosage, route of administration, concomitant exposure to other agents, and stage of pregnancy when the exposure occurred. 

Increased postimplantation loss and reduced litter and fetal weights were associated with overt maternal toxicity in rats exposed at 20,000 ppm on days 6 through 16 of gestation. In rabbits, maternal toxicity was observed at 12,600 ppm. There was no evidence of congenital malformations in either species that could be attributed to HCFC-141b exposures. 

Doherty, P.A., V.H.Ferm, and R.P.Smith. 1982. Congenital malformations induced by infusion of sodium cyanide in the golden hamster. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 64 456-464. 

Willhite, C.C. 1982. Congenital malformations induced by laetrile. Science 215 1513-1515. 

Structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells may be involved in the etiology of neoplasia and in germ cells can lead to perinatal mortality, dominant lethality or congenital malformations in the offspring (Chandley, 1981), and some tumors (Anderson, 1990). 

Inversions. When two breaks occur in the same chromosome, the portion between them is detached and becomes reinserted in the opposite way to its original position, that is, the gene order is reversed. This need not cause a genetic problem, but imbalanced gametes could result in congenital malformation or fetal death. 

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