Nanocomposite based

Al-Mulla, E.A.J., Suhail, A. H. and Aowda, S. 2011. A. New biopolymer nanocomposites based on epoxidized soybean oil plastidzed poly(lactic add)/fatty nitrogen compounds modified clay Preparation and characterization. Industrial Crops and Products 33. 23-29. 

Nanocomposites based on other nanofillers like metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates... 

Nanocomposites based on clay can be of three different types depending on the extent of intercalation and dispersion, which are different from conventional composites. 

This is the most widely used naturally occurring rubber. The literature search shows that many research groups have prepared nanocomposites based on this rubber [29-32]. Varghese and Karger-Kocsis have prepared natural rubber (NR)-based nanocomposites by melt-intercalation method, which is very useful for practical application. In their study, they have found increase in stiffness, elongation, mechanical strength, and storage modulus. Various minerals like MMT, bentonite, and hectorite have been used. 

Literature search shows that epoxy-based nanocomposites have been prepared by many researchers [34-38]. Becker et al. have prepared nanocomposites based on various high-functionahty epoxies. The mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties were also investigated thoroughly [39 3]. The cure characteristics, effects of various compatibilizers, thermodynamic properties, and preparation methods [16,17,44 9] have also been reported. ENR contains a reactive epoxy group. ENR-organoclay nanocomposites were investigated by Teh et al. [50-52]. 

This mbber is very tacky in nature and contains acrylic group, which makes it polar in nature. Nanocomposites have been prepared based on this elastomer with a wide range of nanohllers. Layered silicates [53-55] have been used for this preparation. Sol-gel method [56,57], in situ polymerization [58], and nanocomposites based on different clays like bentonite [59] and mica [60] have been described. The mechanical, rheological, and morphological behaviors have been investigated thoroughly. 

ENGAGE is an ethylene-octene copolymer. Ray and Bhowmick [70] have prepared nanocomposites based on this copolymer. In this study, the nanoclay was modified in situ by polymerization of acrylate monomer inside the gallery gap of nanoclay. ENGAGE was then intercalated inside the increased gallery gap of the modified nanoclay. The nanocomposites prepared by this method have improved mechanical properties compared to that of the conventional counterparts. Preparation and properties of organically modified nanoclay and its nanocomposites with ethylene-octene copolymer were reported by Maiti et al. [71]. Excellent improvement in mechanical properties and storage modulus was noticed by the workers. The results were explained with the help of morphology, dispersion of the nanofiller, and its interaction with the mbber. 

Nanocomposite based on polyurethane (PU) is prepared using silica, clay, and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS). Preparation, characterization, mechanical and barrier properties, morphology, and effect of processing conditions have been reported on polyurethane-based nanocomposites [72,73]. 

This process is highly suitable for rubbers with poor solubility. In this process, the rubber sheet is soaked in TEOS or quite often in TEOS-solvent mixture and the in situ sUica generation is conducted by either acid or base catalysis. The sol-gel reaction is normally carried out at room temperature. Kohjiya et al. [29-31] have reported various nonpolar mbber-silica hybrid nanocomposites based on this technique. The network density of the rubber influences the swelling behavior and hence controls the silica formation. It is very likely that there has been a graded silica concentration from surface to the bulk due to limited swelling of the rubber. This process has been predominantly used to prepare ionomer-inorganic hybrids by Siuzdak et al. [48-50]. 

Chapter 4 Rubber Nanocomposites Based on Miscellaneous NanofiUers.89... 

As indicated above, the development of bio-nanohybrids by mimicking biomineralization represents an extraordinarily useful approach. This is, for instance, the case for those bio-nanocomposites based on bone biomimetic approaches, which show excellent structural properties and biocompatibility. They are prepared by... 

Bio-nanocomposites based on calcium phosphates can perform other innovative fundions such as acting as a reservoir for the controlled release of bioadive compounds once the material is implanted in the bone defect. For instance, the incorporation of a morphogenetic protein that promotes bone regeneration in an HAP-alginate-collagen system [110] or a vitamin in a Ca-deficient HAP-chitosan nanocomposite [111] are recent examples of this kind of application. 

Fig. 1.9 (A) Exfoliation of clay platelets (white Cloisite25A and Cloisite30B after (B) two and a arrows) in a commercial polylactide matrix using half months hydrolysis and (C) after five and a a masterbatch process. (B, C) Visual aspect half months hydrolysis. (A) adapted from [144] of unfilled PLA, microcomposite based on reproduced by permission ofWiley-VCH, and CloisiteNa+, and nanocomposites based on (B, C) from [147] with permission from Elsevier.

Layered materials are of special interest for bio-immobilization due to the accessibility of large internal and external surface areas, potential to confine biomolecules within regularly organized interlayer spaces, and processing of colloidal dispersions for the fabrication of protein-clay films for electrochemical catalysis [83-90], These studies indicate that layered materials can serve as efficient support matrices to maintain the native structure and function of the immobilized biomolecules. Current trends in the synthesis of functional biopolymer nano composites based on layered materials (specifically layered double hydroxides) have been discussed in excellent reviews by Ruiz-Hitzky [5] and Duan [6] herein we focus specifically on the fabrication of bio-inorganic lamellar nanocomposites based on the exfoliation and ordered restacking of aminopropyl-functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate (AMP) in the presence of various biomolecules [91]. 

In conclusion, we have highlighted in this and the preceding section two versatile synthetic strategies to bio-inorganic layered nanocomposites based on the self-assembly of organically functionalized magnesium phyllosilicates (Figure 8.18). 

Ruiz-Hitzky, E., Dardar, M. and Aranda, P. (2005) Functional biopolymer nanocomposites based on layered solids. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 15,... 

Burkett, S.L., Press, A. and Mann, S. (1997) Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of layered inorganic-organic nanocomposites based on 2 1 trioctahedral phyllosilicates. Chemistry of Materials, 9, 1071—1073. 

Whilton. N.T., Burkett, S.L. and Mann, S. (1998) Hybrid lamellar nanocomposite based on organically functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate days with interlayer... 

Bromley, KM., Patil, A.J., Seddon, A. M., Booth, P. and Mann, S. (2007) Bio-functional mesolamellar nanocomposite based on inorganic/ polymer intercalation in purple membrane (Bacteriorhodopsin) films. Advanced Materials, 19, 2433—2438. 

Sharma, P., et al., Bio-functionalized graphene-graphene oxide nanocomposite based electrochemical immunosensing. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2013. 39(0) p. 99-105. 

Liang, Y. T. Vijayan, B. K. Gray, K. A. Hersam, M. C., Minimizing Graphene Defects Enhances Titania Nanocomposite-Based Photocatalytic Reduction of C02 for Improved Solar Fuel Production. Nano Lett. 2011,11 2865-2870. 

The most important materials developed are nanocomposites and nanotubes. Fabrication of the first nanocomposites was inspired by nature (biomineralisation). Nanocomposites based on nanoclays and plastics are seen as ideal materials for improved barrier properties against oxygen, water, carbon dioxide and volatiles [37]. This makes them in particular suitable for retaining flavours in foods. The technology is rather straightforward using commercially available nanoclays and extrusion processing. 

The DMA of rubber-based nanocomposites has been the subject of recent research. Many literature reports describe the dynamic mechanical behavior of rubber-based nanocomposites [155, 156]. Das et al. have studied the DMA of CR nanocomposites based on montmorillonite clay and LDH [157]. The montmorillonite clay is... 

Carbon materials provide electrical conduction through the pi bonding system that exists between adjacent carbon atoms in the graphite structure [182]. Electrical properties of nanocomposites based on conducting nanofillers such as EG [183-187], CNTs [188-190], and CNFs [191], dispersed in insulating polymer matrix have found widespread applications in industrial sectors. 

As a functional development towards advanced materials, the design of magnetic nanocomposites based on cellulose and related polysaccharides has at-... 

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