Nanoparticles carbon-based nanocomposites

Carbon-based nanocomposite concepts have been successfully developed to limit or reduce these adverse effects and at the same time enhance the electron or ion transport [8]. CNT is an ideal building block in the carbon-inorganic composite/hybrid due to its mechanical, physical, chemical properties as mentioned above. CNTs are apparently superior to other carbonaceous materials such as graphite or amorphous carbon and are more adaptable to the homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles than other carbonaceous materials [36],... 

Nanocomposites of conducting polymers exhibit improved physicochemical and biological properties as compared to their individual counterparts. The integration of secondary component within conducting polymer leads to dramatic increase in different properties that are useful from an application point of view. Size, shape and controlled distribution of the dispersed phase are the critical factors to control the desired properties of a nanocomposite. Different approaches such as in situ synthesis, one-pot synthesis, electrochemical polymerization and vapor-phase polymerization have been employed to synthesize the nanocomposites of conducting polymers with metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, ternary nanocomposites, etc. All of these methods have certain advantages and drawbacks. Functional nanocomposites synthesized by these methods display many... 

Concerns regarding the toxicity and environmental effects of polymer-based nanocomposites, such as those derived from clay nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, throughout their life cycle, from formulation, polymerisation, compounding, fabrication, use, disposal and degradation, are described. The potential of nanoparticles to enter the body by skin contact or inhalation is discussed. Accession no.927669... 

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrates were prepared by electrodeposition of Ag nanoparticles in multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-based nanocomposites for SERS sensor application. 

Radiation methods occupy an important place in the production and investigation of new functional materials, devices, and systems of nanometer size (ion-track membranes, polymeric nanocomposites, 3D nanostructures, metal nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, etc.). The recent trend towards electronic miniaturization places at the forefront the problem of fabrication of semiconductor nanostructures, which is possible only with the use of radiation lithographic methods. The radiation modification of graphene can play a key role in the development of a new generation of industrial microchips based on graphene transistors, which will lead to a sharp increase in the operation speed and recording density of modem computer and communication systems. 

Previous studies on nanocomposites made with highly conductive nanoparticles and amorphous polymers have been reported (Jimenez and Jana, 2007 Mathur et al., 2008) such nanocomposites possessed a strain-to-failure of less than 5%. In a recent study (Vdlacorta et al., 2012), we have investigated the EM SE and electrical properties of heat-treated CNFs dispersed in a flexible linear low-density polyethylene (semiciystalhne) matrix. This chapter explores the effect of two other carbon-based modifiers on the EM SE of composites prepared by multiple melt-mixing routes with LLDPE for potential use in ductile/flexible EMC apphca-tions. Attention is also directed to the electrical and mechanical properties of such composites in relation with their electromagnetic shielding performance. 

Nanostructured materials or nanocomposites based on polymers have been an area of intense industrial and academic research over the past one-and-a-half decades [7-12]. In principle, nanocomposites are an extreme case of composite materials in which interface interactions between two phases are maximized. In the literature, the term nanocomposite is generally used for polymers with submicrometer dispersions. In polymer-based nanocomposites, nanometersized particles of inorganic or organic materials are homogeneously dispersed as separate particles in a polymer matrix. This is one way of characterizing this type of material. There is, in fact, a wide variety of nanoparticles and a way to differentiate them and to classify them by the number of nanoscale dimensions they possess. Their shape varies and includes (i) one-dimensional needle- or tube-like structures, for example, inorganic nanotubes, carbon nanotubes, sepio-lites, and so on (ii) two-dimensional platelet structures, for... 

It is of interest to determine the flame retardant effectiveness of shapes or types of nanoparticles other than layered silicates, to find what shape or type of nanoparticle is most effective for improving the flammability properties of commodity polymers. In this chapter, flammability properties of nanocomposites containing nanoscale oxides such as nanoscale silica particles and metal oxides, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs), and carbon-based nanoparticles such as graphite, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are described and a flame retardant mechanism of these nanoparticles is discussed. 

PCL, is an important APES with many potential applications in biomedical and environmental fields [144]. This polymer was the first one to be studied in bionanocomposite when in the early 1990s, GianneUs group from Cornell University (Ithaca, NY, USA) started to work on the elaboration of PCL-based nanocomposites by intercalative polymerization [295]. Since then, a vast number of bionanocomposites have been prepared [87]. Several groups used intercalation, master batches, and in situ polymerization of PCL with clays to produce a variety of nanocomposites as can be seen in Table 11.2. Not only clays, but also various types of nanoreinforcements such as cellulose [296] and StNs [297, 298], chitin [299] nanowhiskers, carbon nanotubes [300, 301], and silica nanoparticles [302] have been used to prepare bionanocomposites with PCL. 

Though silicate-layered nanoclays have clearly been the most used nanosized reinforcement in the preparation of PU nanocomposite foams, a great number of researchers have recently considered the addition of carbon-based nanoparticles, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and graphene, mainly driven by the intrinsically high mechanical and especially high transport properties of these materials, which have opened up a new set of possibilities in sectors such as electronics (Shaffer and Sandler 2007 Singh et al., 2011). 

These recent results show promising possibilities in the development of new piezoresistive sensors based on flexible PU nanocomposite foams with low amounts of conductive carbon-based nanoparticles. 

The study and development of novel hybrid PU nanocomposite foams has been strongly guided by the possibility of introducing speciflc characteristics or properties to PU foams by incorporating functional nanoparticles that combine mechanical reinforcement with other interesting properties. For instance, carbon-based nanoparticles are often added due to their high electrical conductivity, which could result in... 

When carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were employed for PE-based nanocomposites, a significant improvement in their UV stability was achieved... 

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