Modified clay

Al-Mulla, E.A.J., Yunus, W.M.Z., Ibrahim, N.A. and Abdul Rahman MZ. 2010c. Epoxidized palm oil plasticized polylactic add /fatty nitrogen compounds modified clay nanocomposites preparation and charaderizations. Polymers and Polymer... 

Al-Mulla, E.A.J., Suhail, A. H. and Aowda, S. 2011. A. New biopolymer nanocomposites based on epoxidized soybean oil plastidzed poly(lactic add)/fatty nitrogen compounds modified clay Preparation and characterization. Industrial Crops and Products 33. 23-29. 

Hoidy, W.H., Al-Mulla, E.A.J., and Al-Janabi, K.W. 2010c. Mechanical and thermal properties of PLLA/PCL modified clay nanocomposites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 18, 608-616. 

For example, the increment in maximum stress over the neat polymer is 100% and 53% in the case of the unmodified- and the modified-clay-fiUed samples, respectively. The extraordinary results obtained with the unmodified clays were explained with the help of thermodynamics and surface energetics. They explained it as follows. 

Modification of clays with metal complexes containing chiral ligands can be used for the preparation of catalysts for asymmetric reactions. Since the modified clays have limited interlayer space, the interaction between chiral ligands and substrates can be enforced and this may enhance the selectivity.203,204... 

Chapter 6 Organically Modified Clays for Pollutant Uptake and... 

Heller-Kallai L (2006) Thermally modified clay minerals. In Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (eds) Handbook of clay science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 289-308... 

Prost R, Yaron B (2001) Use of modified clays for controlling soil environmental quality. Soil Sci 166 880-895... 

Solidification of the upper layers can be accomplished by blending pozzolanic additives, modified clay, or stabilization reagents into moist soil and compacting the mass. Pozzolanic additives include such fixatives as portland cement, quick lime,... 

The DRX spectra of the solids calcined up to 500°C are illustrated on fig. 3. The position of the d 001 diffraction line versus the calcination temperature for the Na+ montmorillonite (EIII-01) and the Zr pillared modified clays (EIII-02, EIII-03) is reported on fig. 4. 

Modified clays comprise a commercially available ex situ technology that can remove low-solubility organics from groundwater. Smectites (including montmorillonite and bentonite clays). 

Krikorian N, Martin, DF. Extraction of Selected Heavy Metals Using Modified Clays. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 2005 A40 601-607. 

Organically modified clays are mixtures of anthracite and bentonite clay or bulk clay. The surface of the clay is usually activated after treating with a quaternary amine. These clays are employed only in the purification of gas streams. 

The X-ray diffraction peaks observed in the range of 3°-10° for the modified clays disappear in the rubber nanocomposites. photographs show predominantly exfoliation of the clays in the range of 12 4 nm in the BIMS. Consequently, excellent improvement in mechanical properties like tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus is observed by the incorporation of the nanoclays in the BIMS. Maiti and Bhowmick have also studied the effect of solution concentration (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt%) on the properties of fluorocarbon clay nanocomposites [64]. They noticed that optimum properties are achieved at 20 wt% solution. At the optimized solution concentration, they also prepared rubber/clay nanocomposites by a solution mixing process using fluoroelastomer and different nanoclays (namely NA, 10A, 20A, and 30B) and the effect of these nanoclays on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites has been reported, as shown in Table 4 [93]. 

The incorporation of unmodified and organically modified montmorillonite nanoclays (namely 15A and 30B) in chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) by the solution intercalation method and their influence on mechanical properties of the nanocomposites have been studied by Kar et al. [137]. The o-MMT-embedded nanocomposites show enhanced tensile strength and Young s modulus in comparison to the nanocomposites containing the unmodified nanoclay. They have shown from and XRD analyses that organically modified clay shows better dispersion in the CPE matrix. This has been further substantiated from FTIR analysis, which proves an interaction between the CPE matrix and the clay intercalates. 

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