Birth cohort

Ferguson DM and Horwood LJ (2001). Cannabis use and traffic accidents in a birth cohort of young adults. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33, 703-711. 

As mentioned above, such investigations might require a vast longitudinal study. We have birth cohort studies from the UK (1958) and the US, which can already be overlapped with longitudinal studies from working age and old age to simulate the entire life cycle. (These are not complete, but can be pieced together.)... 

Irvine, S., Cawood, E., Richardson, D., MacDonald, E. and Aitken, J. (1996). Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom birth cohort study in 577 men in Scotland over 11 years. British Medical Journal 312,467—471. 

Engel SM, Zhu C, Berkowitz GS, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Miodovnik A, Wolff MS (2009) Prenatal phthalate exposure and performance on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale in a multiethnic birth cohort. Neurotoxicology 30 522-528... 

Bessler, H. C., de Oliveira, I. R., and Giugliano, L. G. (2006). Human milk glycoproteins inhibit the adherence of Salmonella typhimurium to HeLa cells. Microbiol. Immunol. 50, 877-882. Bhutta, Z. A., and Yusuf, K. (1997). Early-onset neonatal sepsis in Pakistan A case control study of risk factors in a birth cohort. Am. ]. Perinatol. 14, 577-581. 

There is evidence that the health and financial externalities of vaccination even extend to the unborn. Relative to other birth cohorts, those in utero during the 1918 flu pandemic demonstrate accelerated adult mortality, increased rates of physical disabihty, reduced educational attainment, lower income, and lower socioeconomic status (Almond 2003). This effect has not been incorporated into cost-effectiveness analyses. 

Lung function. A group of over 900 young adults derived from a birth cohort of 1037 subjects were studied at age 18, 21, and 26... 

Cummings, J.L. and Cunningham, K. (1992) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Huntington s disease. Biol Psychiatry 31 263-270. Denckla, M.B. (1989) Neurological examination. In Rapoport, J.L., ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, pp. 107-118. Douglass, H.M., Moffit, T.E., Dar, R., McGee, R., and Silva, P. (1995) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18 year olds prevalence and predictors. / Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry 34 1424-1431. 

Dalman, C., Allebeck, R, Cullberg, J., Grunewald, C., and Koster, M. (1999) Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia a longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 234-240. 

Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R., and Marmot, M. (1994) Child development risk factors for schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 344 1398-1402. 

Jones, P.B., Rantakallio, P., Hartikainen, A.L., Isohanni, M., and Sipila, P. (1998) Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal cmpllcatlons a 28-year follow-up of the 1966 north Finland general population birth cohort. Am J Psychiatry 155 355-364. 

Brennan. R, Mednick, S., and Hodgins, S. (2000) Major mental disorders and criminal violence in a danish birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 494-500. 

A Finnish birth cohort study found that schizophrenic men were 3.6 times more likely to commit violent crimes than controls, and individuals with other types of psychoses were 7.7 times more likely to commit violent acts (Rasamem et al. 1998). 

Rasanen, P., Tiihonen, J., Isohanni, M., Rantakallio, P., Lehtonen, J., and Moring, J. (1998) Schizophrenia, alcohol abuse and violent behavior a 2-year followup study of an unselected birth cohort Schizophre Bull 24 437-441. 

Utilize previously studied birth cohorts to investigate the incidence of latent adverse reproductive outcomes later in life (cohorts with pregnancy exposure data are extremely important). 

R. Bergstrom et al., Increase in Testicular Cancer Incidence in Six European Countries A Birth Cohort Phenomenon, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88 (1996) 727-33. 

Karvonen M, Cepaitis Z, Tuomilehto J. Association between type 1 diabetes and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination birth cohort study. BMJ 1999 318(7192) 1169-72. 

NEWGENERIS (Newborns and genotoxic exposure risks) Using 300,000 mother-child birth cohorts and stored specimens from biobanks, study will develop and apply biomarkers of dietary exposure to genotoxic and immunotoxic chemicals and biomarkers of early effects (European Commission 2006). Researchers will analyze blood samples from biobanks in Norway, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Greece (European Union 2006). 

Eskenazi, B., E.A. Gladstone, G.S. Berkowitz, C.H. Drew, E.M. Faustman, N.T. Holland, B. Lanphear, S.J. Meisel, F.P. Perera, V.A. Rauh, A. Sweeney, R.M. Whyatt, and K. Yolton. 2005. Methodologic and logistic issues in conducting longitudinal birth cohort studies Lessons learned from the Centers for Children s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(10) 1419-1429. 

It is desirable to collect as many different matrices from each study participant as is feasible and to process them with consideration of both immediately planned analyses of biomarkers and future uses. For example, several Children s Environmental Health Centers obtained urine, peripheral blood, cord blood, breast milk, meconium, saliva, hair, placental tissue, infant formula, indoor and outdoor air, and house dust from longitudinal birth cohort studies (Eskenazi et al. 2005). The centers have analyzed concentrations of numerous compounds in those biologic and environmental samples, such as pesticides, phthalates, mercury, lead, cotinine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone (PAHs), PAH-DNA adducts, allergens, endotoxin, antioxidant micronutrients, cholinesterase, and thyroid hormones. Most centers also banked samples for future analyses. 

Eskenazi, B., A. Bradman, E.A. Gladstone, S. Jaramillo, K. Birch, and N.T. Holland. 2003. CHAMACOS, A longitudinal birth cohort study Lessons from the fields. J. Child. Health l(l) 3-27. 

Barr DB, Weihe P, Davis MD, Needham LL, Grandjean P (2006) Serum polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine insecticide concentrations in a Faroese birth cohort. Chemosphere, 62(7) 1167-1182. 

Grandjean P, Murata K, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Wihe P (2004) Cardiac autonomic activity in methylmercury neurotoxicity 14-year follow-up of a Faroese birth cohort. J Paediatr, 144 169-176. 

Montgomery SM Ekbom A (2002) Smoking during pregnancy and diabetes mellitus in a British longitudinal birth cohort. Br Med J, 324 26-27. 

Timonen, M. (2003). The association between atopic disorders and depression The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Medica. 

Rosso IM, Cannon TD, Huttunen T, Huttunen MO, Lonnqvist J, et al. 2000. Obstetric risk factors for early-onset schizophrenia in a Finnish birth cohort. Am J Psychiatry 157 801-807. 

Fei, C., et al. (2008) Fetal growth indicators and perfluorinated chemicals a study in the Danish national birth cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 168(1) 66-72. 

Analyses of trends in mesothelioma mortality in Britain and Western Europe (Peto et al. 1995, 1999) indicate that the worst-affected birth cohort is men bom around 1945-1950 (1/150 were projected to die of mesothelioma), whereas similar analyses of trends in the United States (Price 1997) indicate that the worst affected cohort is the 1925-1929 male birth cohort (with an estimated lifetime risk of 2/1,000). These trends mirror trends in raw asbestos consumption and a reduction in workplace airborne asbestos levels, with maximum exposure in the United States from the 1930s to the 1960s and in Britain and Western Europe in the 1970s (Peto et al. 1995, 1999 Price 1997). NIOSH (1999) has reported that age-adjusted mortality rates for malignant neoplasm of the pleura in U.S. males showed a decline during the 1987-1996 period from 3.61 per million in 1987 to 2.87 per million in 1996. 

Liddell FDK, McDonald AD, McDonald JC. 1997. The 1891-1920 birth cohort of Quebec chiysotile miners and millers Development from 1904 and mortality to 1992. Ann Occup Hyg 41 13-36. 

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