Breast cancer mortality

The Million Women Study reported that current use of hormone therapy increased breast cancer risk and breast cancer mortality. Increased incidence was observed for estrogen only, estrogen plus progestogen, and for tibolone. 

Cantor, K.P, Stewart, P.A., Brinton, L.A. Dosemeci, M. (1995) Occupational exposures and female breast cancer mortality in the United States. J. occup. environ. Med., 31, 336-348 Casanova, M., Deyo, D.F. Heck, H.d A. (1992) Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) meta-... 

Data from the classic Nurses Health Study, followed up in 1994, reflected no difference in all-cause mortality between women who had ever used oral contraceptives and those who had never used them (7). There was also no increase in mortality associated with duration of use and no relation with time since first use or time since last use. Similarly, in the OFPA (Oxford) study, the overall 20-year mortality risk for oral contraceptive users compared with women using diaphragms or IUCDs was 0.9, suggesting no effect (8). Although the number of deaths from each cause was small, the pattern is consistent with the risks found in other studies. Oral contraceptive users had somewhat higher death rates from ischemic heart disease and cervical cancer, but lower rates of ovarian cancer mortality. Breast cancer mortality was similar for oral contraceptive users and non-users. 

In recent years breast cancer mortality has, if anything, shown a tendency to increase (40), indicating that current methods of treatment are having relatively little impact on this disease. The epidemiological data nevertheless show large differences in the mortality rates in different countries, which are strongly correlated with dietary fat in the food supplies. It is evident that new approaches are required to reduce the death toll from breast cancer in the more affluent countries of the world, and one way might be to reduce dietary fat intake as recently recommended by the NRC-NAS Committee on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer (14). 

Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, Faszat LF (2010) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen a population based cohort study. BMJ 340x693... 

Boragian et al. did examine waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and compared it with breast cancer mortality in a study of 603 patients with incidental breast cancer in 1991-1992. The follow-up was 10 years. WHR was directly related to breast cancer mortality in postmenopausal women (for highest quartile vs. lowest) in ER-positive postmenopausal women. The menopausal state affects the role of obesity in breast cancer. Prior to menopause, obese women have a lower risk for breast cancer compared with normalsized women. 

Majem, L., Tresserras, R., Canela, J., and Salleras, L. (1988). Dietary iodine deficiency and breast cancer mortality An ecological study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 17,686-687. 

Duffy SW, Tabar L, Chen HH, et al (2002) The impact of organized mammography service screening on breast cancer mortality in seven Swedish counties. Cancer 95 458-469 Elmore JG, Wells CK, Lee CH,et al (1994) Variability in radiologists interpretations of mammograms. N Engl J Med 331 1493-1499... 

Roberts MM, Alexander EE, Anderson TJ,et al (1990) Edinburgh trial of screening for breast cancer mortality at seven years. 

VerbeekALM.Hendriks JHCL,HollandR,et al (1984) Reduction of breast cancer mortality through mass screening with modern mammography first results of the Nijmegen project, 1975-1981. Lancet 1 1222-1224... 

Epidemiological data on human populations show a strong positive correlation between age-adjusted mortality from breast cancer and dietary fat intake in different countries of the world (Carroll Khor, 1975 Carroll, 1975) but, as in the experiments with animals, there does not seem to be a correlation with intake of essential fatty acids. More detailed analysis of the data showed a positive correlation with intake of animal fat, but little or no correlation with intake of vegetal fat (Carroll, 1975). Moreover, although breast cancer mortality is about 5 times as hi in Americans as in Japanese, the per capita intake of linoleic acid is reported to be about the same in both countries (Insull et al, 1969). In addition, an analysis of the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue showed a level of 16.5% linoleic acid in Japanese compared to 10.2% in Americans (Insull et al, 1969). 

Breast cancer mortality and trace element intake relationship 0.226 0.901... 

Although the exact mechanism of carcinogenesis and the exact relationships between the environmental factors and the cancer mortality are not clearly understood yet, it is already widely recognized that many trace elements are involved in the metabolism of carcinogenesis, because there are plenty of evidences to support this point of view In clinical study it has been confirmed that the contents of trace elements (especially the contents of Se, Zn, Cu, Co, Mo) of cancer tissue and that of normal tissue around are always different [51 66 128]. The content of Se and Zn/Cu ratio in the serum of cancer patients are also abnormal compared with that of normal persons. And there are data that the intake quantity of trace elements and the breast cancer mortality in different regions indeed exhibit obvious correlation [141], as illustrated by Table 12.1. 

Based on the data listed in Table 12.1, the relationship between trace element intake and breast cancer mortality found by support vector regression can be expressed as follows ... 

Table 12.1 Results of statistics of food intake of trace elements and breast cancer mortalities in 27 different regions...

Multiple correlation between the breast cancer mortality and the trace elements in soil of 29 provinces or regions in China ... 

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