Vulnerable populations

To give additional protection from thermal radiation from any cylinder stack fire the minimum separation distance to any nearby building housing a vulnerable population should, for quantities >400 kg, be 8 m or as in Table 9.1 7, column 3, whichever is the greater. This may be reduced to those in Table 9.17, column 4, by the installation of fire-resisting separation or a fire wall. 

Exposure assessment is one of the most important steps in risk assessment. It is the process that predicts or estimates the amount of the substance under study that reaches the human body. To assess the exposure, it is necessary to define in detail the exposure pathway, the route of exposure, the concentration of the pollutant in the particular media, the contact rate, the frequency of exposure, and the population exposed (age, gender, and vulnerable population, among others). A general equation (Eq. 1) to determine the exposure dose is as follows ... 

Assure that pesticide tolerances are safe for vulnerable populations, in particular, infants, children and the elderly, based on a reasonable certainty of no harm health-based standard, instead of the previous cost-benefit balancing standard ... 

In addition, the IRB should determine that the provisions to protect the privacy of participants and to maintain the confidentiality of the data are adequate. When participants are members of a vulnerable population, the IRB should ensure that appropriate additional safeguards are being used to profecf the rights and welfare of these participants. ... 

Hogberg J, Hanherg A, Berglund M, Skerfving S, Remherger M, Calafat AM, Filipsson AF, Jansson B, Johansson N, Appelgren M, Hakansson H (2008) Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations. Environ Health Perspect 116 334—339... 

L D. The principle of justice is a relevant consideration when subjects are selected for clinical research. It requires that members of a vulnerable population, such as institutionalized patients with mental retardation, not be exploited. The principle of autonomy would be most relevant to the parents ability to consent or refuse on the child s behalf, something Dr. Martin thinks is handled satisfactorily. Dr. Martin believes risks have been minimized and the overall study drug is likely to help the participants, so the study has satisfied the principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. The principle of medical priority is not mentioned in the chapter and pertains to treating the most medically needy patients first, which is not at issue here. 

Psychosocial morbidity association. Cannabis dependence is a prevalent comorbid substance use disorder among patients early in the course of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Among 29 eligible patients, 18 participated in the study. First-episode patients with comorbid cannabis dependence (n = 8) reported significantly greater childhood physical and sexual abuse compared with those without comorbid cannabis dependence (n = 10). The result indicated the preliminary evidence of an association between childhood maltreatment and cannabis dependence among this especially vulnerable population. Child-... 

In 1986, just prior to its release, seizures were reported in a small number of nondepressed, bulimic patients taking bupropion. Bupropion was removed from the market by the manufacturer until it was determined that seizures in this vulnerable population appeared to be related to high doses (>450 mg) of bupropion used in the context of metabolic instability. The drug was finally released in the United States in 1989. 

Recruitment for participation involves consideration of several questions in advance. How significant are the study s aims Why are particular populations, especially if they are vulnerable populations, needed for answering the questions of interest Can the study be conducted on less vulnerable populations first ... 

Because children s legal status is limited and because they cannot legally consent to research participation, children are often considered to be a vulnerable population. In addition, children with psychiatric disorders may have (but do not necessarily have) limitations with respect to understanding the conditions under which their participation is being solicited. Therefore, special efforts must be made to ensure that children s assent to participate is voluntary and that they understand fully the risks and benefits of participation. It is often prudent to ask whether a particular study s aims could be directed toward a less vulnerable population first. A clear rationale should be provided for targeting children with psychiatric disorders, as opposed to children or adolescents without these conditions, as the population of interest for a particular study. 

Although not available commercially, morama milk can be consumed as a refreshing and nutritious beverage similar to dairy milk or soymilk. It can be used as an infant supplement providing additional protein, energy, and other nutrients to vulnerable populations where the supply of dairy milk is inadequate. It can also be an intermediate material for other applications such as yoghurt. 

There are a number of reasons to be concerned about the potential safety of such widespread use of CAHP. These products are frequently used by vulnerable populations, including older adults, those with chronic disorders, children, and women during pregnancy and lactation (5 10). These products are also used by patients to treat a variety of chronic disorders that are difficult to medically manage (e.g., anxiety, depression, dementia and memory impairment, headache, weight loss, back disorders, chronic pain, prostatic hypertrophy, and cancer) (1,11,12). Choice of a particular product for a particular condition is usually based on the claims made for the product and anecdotes of historical use, rather than conclusive scientific evidence that establishes the safety and efficacy of a particular product for a particular condition. 

The recognition that active ingredients extracted from native herbs may have potential utility in modem medicine has given new incentive to worldwide efforts to conserve vulnerable populations of wild plant species.50 During the past decade, market demand for Chinese herbs around the world has increased sharply. And these resources have been avidly sought as raw material by drug processors in the East as well as the West. As a result of mass collecting, many natural habitats and the plant communities which they sustain have been decimated and some species are threatened or have become scarce. 

Justice. This principle requires that the burdens and benefits of participation in clinical trials are distributed evenly and fairly. Historically, populations that were easily and conveniently accessed by researchers, such as prison inmates, nursing home residents, and people with poor access to general health care, have been used when they should not have been. Vulnerable populations should not be deliberately chosen for participation in clinical trials when nonvulnerable populations would also be appropriate. The benefits of... 

How many measurement data are needed to represent the vulnerable population, such as children or the elderly ... 

As the pediatric subgroup represents a vulnerable population, studies in children are endowed with specific challenges such as additional ethical (e.g., informed consent be obtained from the legal guardian) or clinical-technical (e.g., minimize the amount of blood drawn and the number of venipunctures) issues. 

When foods have been enriched with vitamins, because of the requirement for the food to contain the stated amount of vitamin after normal storage, manufacturers commonly add more than the stated amount - so-called overage. One of the problems in the debate concerning folate enrichment of flour (Section 10.12) is the relatively small difference between the amount that is considered desirable and the amount that may pose a hazard to vulnerable population groups, and the precision to which manufacturers can control the amount in the final products. In pharmaceutical preparations, considerable latitude is allowed the U.S. Pharmacopeia permits preparations to contain from 90% to 150% of the declared amount of water-soluble vitamins and from 90% to 165% of the fat-soluble vitamins. 

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