Secondary prevention

Solvents influence the hydrogenation of oximes in much the same way as they do hydrogenation of nitriles. Acidic solvents prevent the formation of secondary amines through salt formation with the initially formed primary amine. A variety of acids have been used for this purpose (66 ), but acids cannot always be used interchangeably (43). Primary amines can be trapped also as amides by use of an anhydride solvent (2,/5,57). Ammonia prevents secondary amine formation through competition of ammonia with the primary amine in reaction with the intermediate imine. Unless the ammonia is anhydrous hydrolysis reactions may also occur. 

Inlet channel width to each pump is considered optimum at 2 to prevent secondary turbulence effects. [3]... 

Because the costs for chronic preventative pharmacotherapy are the same for primary and secondary prevention, while the risk of events is higher with secondary prevention, secondary prevention is more cost effective than primary prevention of CHD. Pharmacotherapy demonstrating cost effectiveness to prevent death in the ACS and post-MI patient includes fibrinolytics ( 2,000 to 33,000 cost per year of life saved), aspirin, glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor blockers ( 13,700 to 16,500 per year of life added), (3-blockers (less than 5,000 to 15,000 cost per year of life saved), ACE inhibitors ( 3,000 to 5,000 cost per year of life saved), eplerenone ( 15,300 to 32,400 per year of life gained), statins ( 4,500 to 9,500 per year of life saved) and gemfibrozil ( 17,000 per year of life saved).49-58 Because cost-effectiveness ratios of less than 50,000 per added life-year are considered economically attractive from a societal perspective,49 pharmacotherapy described above for ACS and secondary prevention are standards of care because of their efficacy and cost attractiveness to payors. 

A second surgery is required after regeneration to prevent secondary nerve injury due to compression (den Dunnen et al., 1996a). 

Calcium should be ingested in adequate amounts to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone destruction. Although calcium increases BMD, fracture prevention is minimal. It should be combined with vitamin D and osteoporosis medications when needed. 

A process is described [224] in which an exothermic reaction takes place in a semi-batch reactor at elevated temperatures and under pressure. The solid and liquid raw materials are both toxic and flammable. Spontaneous ignition is possible when the reaction mass is exposed to air. Therefore, the system must be totally enclosed and confined in order to contain safely any emissions arising from the loss of reactor control, and to prevent secondary combustion reactions upon discharge of the materials to the atmosphere. Further, procedures and equipment are necessary for the safe collection and disposal of solid, liquid, and gaseous emission products. 

Pompholyx eczema is a special vesicular type of dermatitis affecting the hands and feet. It can be acute and persistent, characterised by many deep-seated, itchy, clear, tiny blisters. Later there may be scaling, fissures and thickening of the skin. Outbreaks usually last several weeks, and common sites include sides of the fingers, palms and, less often, on the soles. The aim of treatment is to prevent secondary infection and spontaneous resolution is expected within 2 or 3 weeks. If, however, it persists, it may be necessary to use short courses of corticosteroid creams. It is an inflammatory reaction and there is no underlying infective component. 

Secondary wastes are generated from the collection, treatment, incineration, or disposal of hazardous wastes, such as sludges, sediments, effluents, leachates, and air emissions. These secondary wastes may also contain hazardous substances and must be treated or disposed of properly to prevent secondary pollution of underground water, surface water, soil, or air. 

Treatment for herpes genitalis is only indicated in serious or frequently recurring disease, in the presence of immunodepression or if psychosocial circumstances dictate this. Primary and recurrent infection is treated for 5 days with an oral derivative of aciclovir, either valaciclovir 2 x 500 mg or famciclovir 3 x 250 mg. Partial or complete aciclovir resistance may develop. Prophylactic aciclovir may be indicated if the frequency of recurrence is >6 per year. Local care of lesion (cleansing, disinfecting creams) is indicated to prevent secondary bacterial infection. 

To prevent secondary cases of meningococcal disease prophylaxis with rifampicin 600 mg orally twice daily for two days is recommended for close contacts with the index case. A single dose of 500 mg ciprofloxacin orally is also effective in eliminating nasopharyngeal carriage of N. meningitidis. 

Antibiotics given to patients with viral respiratory infections in order to prevent secondary bacterial infection. 

Several antibiotics have been used to treat intestinal protozoal infections. Erythromycin and tetracycline do not have a direct effect on the protozoa they act by altering intestinal bacterial flora and preventing secondary infection. Tetracycline also reduces the normal gastrointestinal bacterial flora on which the amebas depend for growth. 

Synthesis of well defined functionalized (- telechellc or multifunctional-) macromolecules Is an Important task for polymer chemists. The polymers with P0(0R)2, - Si(0R)3, -OH, - . .. functional groupslrS. are produced In limited quantities. The need for polymeric materials possessing specific properties has led to a renewed Interest Is functional polymers, especially if the initial material Is a common hydrocarbon polymer. One of the techniques that we use in our laboratory to prepare these new molecules Is based on anionic processes. This anionic technique is best suited to control the length of the chains prepared and to obtain samples with low polydlsperslty. Although the functionalization of carbanionic sites with various deactivating reagents Is easier than with other methods because of the long lived species, It Is still necessary to carefully control the deactivation reaction to prevent secondary reactions. 

What measures should be taken to protect individuals exposed to the index case to prevent secondary cases, and what measures should be implemented to prevent further exposure ... 

MDX-RA , an immunotoxin conjugated to an antibody designed to prevent secondary cataracts, phase III clinical trials, enrollment stopped. Medarex, Annandale, NJ. 

The overall effect of irrigation fluids can be measured by their respective capacity to decontaminate the eye surface and to increase the time lapse of intervention. Moreover the most important is that the rinsing fluid must save vision and prevent secondary disease after eye bums. How to reach this ... 

Photoepoxidation of alkenes with oxygen in the presence of photosensitizers266-268 can be used as a synthetic method. The complete absence of any nucleophile in the reaction mixture prevents secondary transformations of the formed oxirane and thus allows the preparation of sensitive epoxides. 

Protecting the can from the effect of corrosion is very important in order to achieve the very long shelf life that metal cans offer. Discussion with the can manufacturer will ensure the use of the appropriate grades of lacquers on the internal surfaces to prevent primary corrosion. The external surfaces must also be considered in order to prevent secondary corrosion, which will result in leakage. Handling on the filling line must ensure the smooth flow of cans and eliminate any sharp objects that may scratch or pierce them. A lot of moisture is present on the line because of the use of conveyor lubricants or from the pasteuriser, and it is important that cans are dried before being packed, particularly if they are to be shrink-wrapped. Cold cans, below the dew point, must be wanned to ambient temperature or else they will become wet when packed. 

To prevent secondary processes due to facile thermal reaction, low-temperature irradiations of cyanonaphthalenes with cyclohexa-1,3-diene through a Pyrex fdter were conducted by Noh et al. [138], A dichloromethane solution of 1-... 

Chiche et a/.[56] have studied the oligomerization of butene over a series of zeolite (HBeta and HZSM-5), amorphous silica alumina and mesoporous MTS-type aluminosilicates with different pores. The authors found that MTS catalyst converts selectively butenes into a mixture of branched dimers at 423 K and 1.5-2 MPa. Under the same reaction conditions, acid zeolites and amorphous silica alumina are practically inactive due to rapid deactivation caused by the accumulation of hydrocarbon residue on the catalyst surface blocking pores and active sites. The catalytic behaviour observed for the MTS catalyst was attributed to the low density of sites on their surface along with the absence of diffusional limitations due to an open porosity. This would result in a low concentration of reactive species on the surface with short residence times, and favour deprotonation and desorption of the octyl cations, thus preventing secondary reaction of the olefinic products. 

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