Principal focus

Only A/-vinyl-2-pyrrohdinone (VP) [88-12-0] is of significant commercial importance and hence is the principal focus of this article. Vinylcaprolactam is available (BASF) and is growing in importance, and vinyl formamide is available as a developmental monomer (Air Products). Some physical properties are given in Table 1. 

The principal focus of this validation is the material and energy bal-... 

These adverse effects are almost eliminated by using an ionic surfactant to create a very strong sink condition in the acceptor compartment of the permeation cell, and this is the principal focus of our latest research. The charge on the micelles formed from the surfactant also appears to play a role in this respect. 

I originally conceived this book as a study of epistemological questions about differences between chemistry and physics, namely, how chemists aims and methods in scientific explanation have been different from physicists and how these aims and methods have overlapped. This problem remains a principal focus of the book is there a way of seeing and describing the natural world that has been consistently "chemical" If so, how has it compared to a "physical" way of understanding the natural world Have chemistry and physics been commensurable or incommensurable sciences Answering these questions historically leads to sets of answers that are specific to time and place to distinct texts, individuals, schools, and traditions to disciplines and disciplinary histories. 

This chapter describes composite materials composed of dendrimers and metals or semiconductors. Three types of dendrimer/metal-ion composites are discussed dendrimers containing structural metal ions, nonstructimal exterior metal ions, and nonstructiu al interior metal ions. Nonstructural interior metal ions can be reduced to yield dendrimer-encapsulated metal and semiconductor nanoparticles. These materials are the principal focus of this chapter. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(propylene imine) dendrimers, which are the two commercially available families of dendrimers, are in many cases monodisperse in size. Accordingly, they have a generation-dependent munber of interior tertiary amines. These are able to complex a range of metal ions including Pd +, and Pt +. The maximmn munber... 

The principal focus of this chapter is the assessment of reproductive toxicity data so more detail has been included in this section, presented in the form of common study outcomes. 

Because the principal focus of pharmacoeconomics is to incorporate outcomes in the demonstration of the value of a therapy, the quality of life that results from a therapy has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Most frequently, quality of life is measured using standardized instruments to collect patient-reported quality of life. These instruments are traditionally developed using patient or expert interviews to establish the areas of inquiry or domains of the instrument The use of these instruments in pharmacoeconomics is heavily dependent on the demonstrated psychometric properties of the instrument, such as its reliability, validity and responsiveness, or on sensitivity to the changes in the disease to be studied. 

Zhen Zhu is sweet, salty and cold. Its function of sedating the Heart-shen is more moderate than that of Ci Shi. Its principal focus is on disorders of the Heart as it enters the Heart and Liver meridians directly. As well as sedating the Heart-shen, its sweet nature can ease the tension of conflict, calm the mind and slow down the pathological process of anxiety. It is also effective in clearing fire of the Heart and Liver, and treats restlessness, palpitations, irritability and difficulty falling asleep. In this condition, patients may have a rapid, active and restless pulse, particularly in the first position on the left side. 

For the kind of boundary-layer problems that are our principal focus here, the dynamic viscosity p will play a very important role and k will be relatively unimportant. The dynamic viscosity primarily governs the behavior of a fluid in shearing flow. The higher the viscosity, the more the fluid resists deformation for a given shear stress. 

Let us first summarize the principal features of the thermodynamic equilibrium states that are the principal focus of a thermodynamic description. According to the definitions of Section 2.10, such states are ... 

In each hatched two-phase region, the lever rule (Section 7.3.2) can be used as usual to determine the relative amounts of the two phases at opposite ends of the tie-line. However, the quantity of precipitated solid a and/or /3 is usually of less interest than the composition of the melt, so the principal focus is on the two liquidus lines that meet at the eutectic point. These liquidus lines are also called solubility curves or freezing-point depression curves, in that they map both the saturation-solubility limits (horizontal variations) as well as the freezing-point depression of the liquid (vertical variations). 

HO measurement techniques in the troposphere are the principal focus of this chapter. All reported fluorescence measurements of HO in the troposphere have used lasers. Most of the early tropospheric laser fluorescence work used a frequency-doubled Nd.YAG laser to pump a Rh6G dye laser that was also frequency-doubled and tuned to either the Px( 1) line or the QiU + R23 line group of the A2 v = l X2 v" = 0 band of HO at 282 nm. Fluorescence is detected from the A2X v = 0 —> X2 v" = 0 band at 309 nm. Although the three groups to report tropospheric HO data by this method have often used similar lasers and have usually pumped the same transitions, the air sampling configurations have been quite different. 

A principal focus of research has been to compare the experimental enthalpies with the predictions of modern electron transfer theory [5-7]. 

Since then, there have been a number of reversed-phase separations employing precolumn derivatization. Interestingly, fluorescamine (not frequently employed for RP-HPLC of amino acids with precolumn reaction) has been reported for taurine analysis in milk (197) and human plasma (198). Precolumn derivatization with OPA/2-mercaptoethanol has been reported for the analysis of infant formula and human breast milk (199). Although not the principal focus of the study, Carratu et al. (200) report taurine values in parenteral solutions as determined by FMOC. In an excellent article, Woollard and Indyk (201) report the dansylation of taurine for its determination in a wide variety of dairy-related products. Subsequently, the same authors report the results of a large collaborative study (202) for the determination of taurine (again, by dansylation) in milk and infant formula. This study afforded an overall interlaboratory RSD of 7.0% and established a lower limit for determination at 5 mg taurine per 100 g of product. 

The principal focus of interest has hitherto been on the group of flexible dendrimers, which embraces the major part of the dendrimers reported in the literature, also including the commercially available POPAM and PAMAM dendrimers having an aliphatic scaffold. In recent years valuable knowledge about the density profile, the three-dimensional structure, and the interactions of dendrimers in solution has been obtained with the aid of small-angle scattering techniques, as is apparent from the following overview. 

In connection with the SHEBA project, the U.S. Department of Energy s Atmosphere Radiation Measurement (ARM) program indicated its intention to develop a Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) facility on the North Slope of Alaska. The principal focus of this program will be on atmospheric radiative transport, especially as modified by clouds (such transport impacts the growth and decay of sea ice), as well as testing, validation, and comparison of radiation transfer models in both the ice pack and Arctic coastal environment. 

The principal focus of our examination of the experimental data in Tables IV through IX will be the dependence of the quantity log(ks/kH2o)r on the structures of both the sulfur nucleophile and the haloaliphatic substrate. Log(ks/kH2o)r (referred to here as the "substrate selectivity" for reaction r) is a measure of the selectivity of a particular substrate between each of the sulfur nucleophiles and H2O with respect to halogen displacement via substitution (if r SN) or dehydrohalogenation (if r E). The use of log(ks/kjj2o)r f°r this purpose serves two functions It "normalizes" sulfur nucleophile reactivity data to a common point of reference, and it gives an indication of the importance of each sulfur nucleophile in reactions with the substrate of interest, relative to the most abundant nucleophile in natural waters, H2O. 

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