Milk diet

In a review of data on occupational chemicals that may contaminate breast milk (Byczkowski et al. 1994), it is stated that lead may be excreted in milk in amounts lethal to the infant and that the metal may be mobilized from bone stores to milk during the lactation period. Even when the concentration of lead in mother s milk is low, the absorption of metals into the systemic circulation of infants is generally high when they are on a milk diet. To better understand the sensitivity of the nursing infant to chemicals, epidemiological studies, chemical monitoring, and model development and application are needed. 

Sagan, C. E. and Lengemann, F. W. (1973). The retention and movement of cerium-141 in the gastrointestinal tract of adult rats irradiated with 800 R and fed grain-based or milk diets, Radiat. Res. 53,480. 

Tissue lead (mg/kg FW) 0.81 in blood, 26.4 in liver, 50.3 in kidney, and 400 in rumen contents Calves given 2.7 mg Pb/kg body weight (BW), as lead acetate, for 20 days milk diet Calves given 3.0 to 3.5 mg Pb/kg BW daily for 3 months grain and hay diet Calves given 5 mg Pb/kg BW, as Pb acetate, for 7 days grain and hay diet Calves given 5 mg Pb/kg BW, as Pb acetate, for 7 days milk diet... 

Zmudzki, J., G.R. Bratton, C. Womac, and L.D. Rowe. 1984. The influence of milk diet, grain diet, and method of dosing on lead toxicity in young calves. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 76 490497. 

Figure 8. Urinary calcium of male adults consuming a basal diet (1), milk diet (2), amaranthus diet (3), and a milk + amaranthus diet (4). Adapted from Ref. 33.

While both the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins had been found in a variety of foods, the problem of growth on milk diets had not yet been resolved, at least not in the minds of Osborne and Mendel. In a 1918 publication they said that they were impressed by the "apparent discrepancies in the quantitative relations of the amounts of milk required to furnish the vitamine factor in our experiments in contrast with those of Hopkins." (44) They went on to claim (and justly so) that a better understanding of the quantitative relations was highly desirable. "In view of the results of Hopkins experiments it has become generally believed that milk is one of the richest sources of the water-soluble vitamines among our food products." (45) The experimental results shown in this publication were certainly not in eccord with those of Hopkins in his 1912 paper. 

Durand, and D. Bauchart. Effects of milk diets containing beef tallow or coconut oil on the fatty acid metabolism of liver slices from preruminant calves. Br J Nutr 2000 84(3) 309-18. 

Hodgson, P. A., Ellefson, R. D., Eiveback, L. R., Harris, L. E., Nelson, R. A. and Weid-man, W. H. 1976. Comparison of serum cholesterol in children fed high, moderate, or low cholesterol milk diets during neonatal period. Metabolism 26, 739-746. 

On a milk diet the average output of phosphorus in the urine at this age is of the order of 430 mg/day (F7). The administration of calciferol normally results in hyperphosphaturia (FI, H9). 

Experiments performed on 8,11,14 and 17-day-old animals together with the earlier results on five-day- (102) and three-week-old rats (108) indicate that manganese absorption does not significantly differ between the control (plain milk diet) and iron-treated rats (100 ug Fe/ml diet-during four days) until the 17th day of age. 

Absorption Studies of Manganese from Milk Diets in Suckling Rats... 

Infant formulas are supplemented with Mn and other trace elements in the form of inorganic salts. Whether these supplemented minerals have different bioavailabilities from their counterparts found naturally in human milk or bovine milk has not been extensively investigated. Chan and associates previously reported that Mn was bound to different molecules in human milk, bovine milk and infant formula (12). Inadequate or excessive intake of Mn has severe effects especially during infancy (1,13). It is therefore important to evaluate the bioavailability of Mn in different milk diets. To achieve this aim, suckling rats and everted intestinal sacs derived from these animals were used as systems to study the absorption of Mn from rat milk, human milk, bovine milk and infant formula. Effect of age on Mn absorption in suckling rat pups from various milk diets was also investigated. Some of the data presented in this article have been reported previously (14-17). 

Human milk contained relatively less Mn when compared to the other milk diets examined. The endogenous Mn concentrations of human milk, bovine milk, infant formula and rat milk used in the present studies as determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry were 8 + 3, 30 + 5, 73 + 4, 148 + 18 pg/liter respectively. It is possible that the higher concentrations of endogenous Mn in infant formula and rat milk might compete with the added 5 Mn for transport during the experiments. However, the addition of non-... 

Table I. Retention of Mn from Various Milk Diets by 9 Day Old Suckling Rats ...

Milk Diet Nb Carcass withLiverc Liver Per Gm Liver... 

Figure 1. Effect of Age on the Incorporation of Mn into the Carcass of Suckling Rats Fed Various Milk Diets...

Age in Days Na Milk Diet Ratio of Mean Serosal Fluid 5 Mn % In Duodenal Sac/Jejunal Sac... 

Table III. In Vitro Absorption Studies of Manganese from Different Milk Diets...

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