Non-main species

Integration of the electropherogram for an antibody to quantify main protein species percent light chain and heavy chain (%LC and %HC) and minor species such as percent non-main and percent high molecular weight species (%non-main species and %HMW) is shown in Figure 5. Corrected peak areas were used for quantification. The % corrected peak area is defined as ... 

Figure 7 shows the results for the corrected peak area plotted against injection time for the HC, LC, and non-HC and LC species called non-main species. The corrected peak area values are used because they compensate for velocity differences between species of different molecular size as they pass through the detector. These results demonstrate that the reduced CE-SDS method has a wide injection linearity range (5—40 s at —5kV) for the HC, LC, and non-main species. 

To further confirm the ability of the reduced CE-SDS method to be used for determination of purity, percent corrected peak area (%HC, %LC, and %non-main) was calculated for each component with respect to the total corrected peak area. Eigure 8 presents the relationship between %HC, %LC, %non-main species, and injection time. 

The % corrected peak area values are shown in Table 2. When an injection time of 20 to 40 sec is used, the assay generated reasonable precision. The overall percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) are 0.7, 1.6, and 7.6 for the HC, LC, and non-main species, respectively. The %RSD of HMW species is relatively high due to poor resolution between the HMW and HC peaks. In this case, we recommend that the HMW species not be integrated separately from the HC component unless there is a clear graphic valley point for integration. 

The % corrected peak areas for HC, LC, and non-main species were plotted against protein sample concentrations and are presented in Figure 11. The % corrected peak area values are shown in Table 3. These results show that the assay is linear for sample concentrations above 0.5mg/mL (Table 3), and that the assay is capable of quantitating all three components with overall %RSDs of 0.8, 1.0, and 11.7% for the HC, LC, and non-main species, respectively. The recommended final protein concentration is 1 mg/mL. 

Precision of the reduced CE-SDS method was studied via repeatability (intra-assay) and intermediate precision (inter-assay) studies. Figure 12 shows electropherogram of the intraassay repeatability data, and Table 4 demonstrates the precision of the assay (%RSDs of 0.3, 0.6, and 3.7% for the HC, LC, and non-main species, respectively). 

The origin of the small Sy content of all commercial sulfur samples is the following. Elemental sulfur is produced either by the Frasch process (mining of sulfur deposits) or by the Claus process (partial oxidation of HyS) [62]. In each case liquid sulfur is produced (at ca. 140 °C) which at this temperature consists of 95% Ss and ca. 5% other sulfur homocycles of which Sy is the main component. On slow cooling and crystalhzation most of the non-Ss species convert to the more stable Ss and to polymeric sulfur but traces of Sy are built into the crystal lattice of Ss as sohd state defects. In some commercial samples traces of Ss or Sg were detected in addition. The Sy defects survive for years if not forever at 20 °C. The composition of the commercial samples depends mainly on the coohng rate and on other experimental conditions. Only recrystalhzation from organic solvents removes Sy and, of course, the insoluble polymeric sulfur and produces pure a-Ss [59]. 

Propylene sulfide gives polymers with perfectly stable thiolate living ends in ethereal solvents (16). The propagation reaction has been studied in THF (7-9,17-2lT and in THP (8.9.21.22.23) with Na+,Cs+, - and several cryptatee as counterions, by dilatometry. It has been shown that even for non cryptated species, the associations of ion pairs do not generally occur in the range of concentrations examined ([C]<10 3 mole.l- in THF and < 2 10 mole.l - in THP). The main ionic species are ion pairs in equilibrium with free ions ... 

These results suggest that non-Saccharomyces species may contribute significantly to the fermentation of botrytized wines. C. zemplinina seems not to produce excess volatile compounds nor any specific aroma compounds (Toth-Markus et al., 2002). Its main contribution to the chemical composition might be an increase in glycerol content and in the G F ratio. C. zemplinina and C. stellata have proven to be very fructo-philic yeasts (Mills et al., 2002 Magyar and Toth, 2011 Magyar et al., 2008). 

These methods suggested in the present form by Caunt83) rely on inhibition (retardation) effects of strong catalyst poisons on polymerization. Typical poisons potentially usable for this purpose are carbon oxides, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, acetylenes and dienes. All these substances exhibit a strong unsaturation they have either two double bonds or one triple bond. Most of the works devoted to application of the poisons to determination of active centers 10,63 83 102 1O7) confirm a complicated nature of their interaction with the catalytic systems. To determine the active centers correctly, it is necessary to recognize and — as much as practicable — suppress side processes, such as physical adsorption and chemisorption on non-propagative species, interaction with a cocatalyst, oligomerization and homopolymerization of the poison and its copolymerization with the main chain monomer. 

As-received UD90 was oxidized for 2, 6,17, 26, and 42 h at 430°C, which is the temperature for slow ND oxidation as discussed in Sect. 5.3.3 [94]. Figure 12.18a shows the HRTEM images of two ND powders oxidized at 430°C for 2 and 42 h, respectively. The weight loss due to oxidation was 13% and 74% after 2 and 42 h, respectively. While oxidation for 2 h removes mainly amorphous carbon and other non-diamond species [95], longer oxidation times result in selective oxidation of smaller crystals, thus shifting the size distribution toward larger values. 

Calculations of molybdate speciation in solution before adsorption (Fig. 5) show that, the main species at pH=4.8 are the non or mono-protonated AHM and the monomer MoOq, the amount of which decreases with increased introduced [AHM]. 

Arsenic is an ubiquitous element which occurs in the form of various chemical species in the environment. In biological tissues, the main species identified is arsenobetaine which is considered to be non toxic and present at more than 90% in fish tissues and does not exceed 50% in molluss [8]. Other species such as arsenocholine, tetra-methylarsonium ion, trimethylarsenoxide, dimethylarsinic acid and arsenosugars have also been identified [9],... 

Figure 16. Major metabolic pathway of CR, with excretion occurring mainly as sulphates in the rat and guinea pig and mainly as non-conjugated species in the rhesus monkey...

The onset of symptoms depends on the particular organophosphorus compound, but is usually relatively rapid, occurring within a few minutes to a few hours and the symptoms may last for several days. This depends on the metabolism and distribution of the particular compound and factors such as lipophilicity. Some of the organophosphorus insecticides such as malathion for example (figure 5,10). are metabolized in mammals mainly by hydrolysis to polar metabolites which are readily excreted, whereas in the insect oxidative metabolism occurs which produces the cholinesterase inhibitor. Metabolic differences between the target and non-target species are exploited to maximize the selective toxicity. Consequently, malathion has a low toxicity to mammals such as the rat in which the LD50 is about 10 g/... 

Figure 8-15. Numerical simulation ofNFs dissociation in a non-thermal discharge. Time dependence of the main species concentration. Initial mixture composition Ar = 64%, Nj = 0.4%, NFj = 35%.

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