Methacrylic acid-butadiene copolymer

PVC can be blended with numerous other polymers to give it better processability and impact resistance. For the manufacture of food contact materials the following polymerizates and/or polymer mixtures from polymers manufactured from the above mentioned starting materials can be used Chlorinated polyolefins blends of styrene and graft copolymers and mixtures of polystyrene with polymerisate blends butadiene-acrylonitrile-copolymer blends (hard rubber) blends of ethylene and propylene, butylene, vinyl ester, and unsaturated aliphatic acids as well as salts and esters plasticizerfrec blends of methacrylic acid esters and acrylic acid esters with monofunctional saturated alcohols (Ci-C18) as well as blends of the esters of methacrylic acid butadiene and styrene as well as polymer blends of acrylic acid butyl ester and vinylpyrrolidone polyurethane manufactured from 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1.4-butandiol and aliphatic polyesters from adipic acid and glycols. 

Copolymer of acrylonitrile, acrylate (ester), and styrene Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate copolymer Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methyl acrylate Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methacrylic acid Elastomeric copolymer from an acrylate (ester) and butadiene, a mbber... 

Additionally to the procedures described earlier, improvements for thermostabilization is copolymerisation of vinyl chloride with suitable monomers. A great number of monomers were investigated to optimize the properties of resins. But only vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters, and maleic acid esters, respectively, are of interest commercially [305,436,437]. The copolymerization was carried out in emulsion, suspension, and solution in connection with water- or oil-soluble initiators, as mentioned elsewhere. Another possibility for modifying PVC is grafting of VC on suitable polymers [305,438], blends of PVC with butadiene/styrene and butadiene/ methacryl acid esters copolymers [433], and polymer-analogous reactions on the macromolecule [439,440] (e.g., chlorination of PVC). 

Acrylics. Acetone is converted via the intermediate acetone cyanohydrin to the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) [80-62-6]. The MMA is polymerized to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to make the familiar clear acryUc sheet. PMMA is also used in mol ding and extmsion powders. Hydrolysis of acetone cyanohydrin gives methacrylic acid (MAA), a monomer which goes direcdy into acryUc latexes, carboxylated styrene—butadiene polymers, or ethylene—MAA ionomers. As part of the methacrylic stmcture, acetone is found in the following major end use products acryUc sheet mol ding resins, impact modifiers and processing aids, acryUc film, ABS and polyester resin modifiers, surface coatings, acryUc lacquers, emulsion polymers, petroleum chemicals, and various copolymers (see METHACRYLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES METHACRYLIC POLYMERS). 

Acryhc stmctural adhesives have been modified by elastomers in order to obtain a phase-separated, toughened system. A significant contribution in this technology has been made in which acryhc adhesives were modified by the addition of chlorosulfonated polyethylene to obtain a phase-separated stmctural adhesive (11). Such adhesives also contain methyl methacrylate, glacial methacrylic acid, and cross-linkers such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate [97-90-5]. The polymerization initiation system, which includes cumene hydroperoxide, N,1S7-dimethyl- -toluidine, and saccharin, can be apphed to the adherend surface as a primer, or it can be formulated as the second part of a two-part adhesive. Modification of cyanoacrylates using elastomers has also been attempted copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene ethylene copolymers with methylacrylate or copolymers of methacrylates with butadiene and styrene have been used. However, because of the extreme reactivity of the monomer, modification of cyanoacrylate adhesives is very difficult and material purity is essential in order to be able to modify the cyanoacrylate without causing premature reaction. 

Organic peroxides are used in the polymer industry as thermal sources of free radicals. They are used primarily to initiate the polymerisation and copolymerisation of vinyl and diene monomers, eg, ethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, acryUc acid and esters, methacrylic acid and esters, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and butadiene (see Initiators). They ate also used to cute or cross-link resins, eg, unsaturated polyester—styrene blends, thermoplastics such as polyethylene, elastomers such as ethylene—propylene copolymers and terpolymers and ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymer, and mbbets such as siUcone mbbet and styrene-butadiene mbbet. 

Partially saponified poly(vinyl acetate) Fully saponified poly(vinyl acetate) Copolymers with crotonic acid Copolymers with vinyl acetate with methacrylic acid with acrylic acid esters with acrylonitrile with styrene with ethyl vinyl ether with butadiene... 

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers Styrene-butadiene rubber copolymers (SBR)... 

In the agglomeration step, the latexes are partially agglomerated using a core/shell agglomerating agent latex, which consists of an elastomeric 1,3-butadiene/slyrene copolymer core and an ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer shell. This partial agglomeration operation should not be confused with a coagulation operation where the emulsion is fully destabilized (13). 

A copolymer derived from monomers comprising a mixture of high density poly(ethylene) (HDPE), a copolymer of ethylene/methacrylic acid, and a synthetic block copolymer rubber such as styrene/butadiene, and... 

The vinyl monomers used in this study, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile, as well as the solvents, initiators, and polystyrene were supplied by the Aldrich Chemical Company. The styrene-butadiene block copolymer was supplied by Shell as Kraton D1102, known as SBS this contains approximately 75% butadiene and 25% styrene. 

The stable polymer dispersions with small-sized polymer particles of diameter >60 nm were prepared by dispersion copolymerization of PEO-MA macromonomer with styrene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, acrylic and methacrylic acids, and butadiene at 60 °C [79]. The particle size was reported to decrease with increasing macromonomer fraction in the comonomer feed. Besides, it varied with the type of the classical monomer as a comonomer. Tg of polymer product was found to be a function of the copolymer composition, the weight ratio macromonomer/monomer, and monomer type and varied from 50.6 to 220.4 °C. 

ABA ABS ABS-PC ABS-PVC ACM ACS AES AMMA AN APET APP ASA BR BS CA CAB CAP CN CP CPE CPET CPP CPVC CR CTA DAM DAP DMT ECTFE EEA EMA EMAA EMAC EMPP EnBA EP EPM ESI EVA(C) EVOH FEP HDI HDPE HIPS HMDI IPI LDPE LLDPE MBS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-polycarbonate alloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Acrylic acid ester rubber Acrylonitrile-chlorinated pe-styrene Acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-styrene Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate Acrylonitrile Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate Atactic polypropylene Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber Butadiene styrene rubber Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate-butyrate Cellulose acetate-propionate Cellulose nitrate Cellulose propionate Chlorinated polyethylene Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate Cast polypropylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Chloroprene rubber Cellulose triacetate Diallyl maleate Diallyl phthalate Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-ethyl acrylate Ethylene-methyl acrylate Ethylene methacrylic acid Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer Elastomer modified polypropylene Ethylene normal butyl acrylate Epoxy resin, also ethylene-propylene Ethylene-propylene rubber Ethylene-styrene copolymers Polyethylene-vinyl acetate Polyethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Hexamethylene diisocyanate High-density polyethylene High-impact polystyrene Diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane Isophorone diisocyanate Low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene... 

For the styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid copolymers, meth-acrylic acid was also found in the serum, on the particle surface, and buried inside the particles. At 23% degree of neutralization, less methacrylic acid was found in the serum and on the particle surface than with acrylic acid, i.e., more was buried inside the particle. At 3.0% methacrylic acid, the amount incorporated into the particle was fairly constant, independent of the degree of neutralization. The different distributions of methacrylic and acrylic acids were explained by their different distributions between the monomer-polymer and aqueous phases. Thus these characterization results show the effect of vinyl carboxylic acid type and concentration on the loci of the carboxyl groups. Similar correlations could be made with other systems. 

Natural rubber, graft copolymers of natural rubber with acrylic or methacrylic acid esters of mono-functional CiC4 alcohols butadiene and isoprene polymers polymers... 

Vlassopoulos et al. (1998) examined the gelation of three epoxy-rubber thermoset blends (based on TGDDM/DDS/(acrylonitrile/butadiene rubber/methacrylic acid copolymer) of the same chemistry but different pre-cure treatments. The pre-treatments used heat and catalysts to promote epoxy-carboxyl reactions, and there was some evidence of a decrease in gelation time and an effect on pre-gel rheology with these treatments. 

Ionomers of practical interest have been prepared by two synthetic routes (a) copolymerization of a low level of functionalized monomer with an olefinically unsaturated monomer or (b) direct functionalization of a preformed polymer. Typically, carboxyl containing ionomers are obtained by direct copolymerization of acrylic or methacrylic acid with ethylene, styrene and similar comonomers by free radical copoly-merization. Rees (22) has described the preparation of a number of such copolymers. The resulting copolymer is generally available as the free acid which can be neutralized to the degree desired with metal hydroxides, acetates and similar salts. Recently, Weiss et al.(23-26) have described the preparation of sulfonated ionomers by copolymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate with butadiene or styrene. 

Mixtures of emulsion copolymers comprising acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene, and acrylic or methacrylic acid low density foams for non-wovens, carpets, fleece or cardboard Matner et al., 1977... 

One way to achieve compatibilization involves physical processes such as shear mixing and thermal history, which modify domain size and shape. The second way is the use of physical additives to increase attraction between molecules and phases. The third method is reactive processing, which is used to change the chemical structure of one or more of the components in the blend and thus increase their attraction to each other. Table 1.5 contains a list of compatibilizers used in the formulation of polyolefin blends. As can be seen from Table 1.5, most of the compatibilizers used in the formulation of polyolefin blends contain compounds such as maleic anhydride, acrylic and methacrylic acid, glycidyl methacrylate, and diblock and triblock copolymers involving styrene, ethylene, and butadiene. 

Table 2.5 Interfacial Tensions between Polymer Melt Pairs Including Compatibilizing Agents. MAH-PP Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene SEES Hydrogenated Triblock Copolymer of Styrene and Butadiene MAH-g-SEBS Maleic Anhydride Grafted SEES PEMA-Zn Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic Acid) lonomer Neutralized by Zinc.

Styrene-butadiene rubber latex (SBR, GRS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber latex (NBR) are two of the earliest to arrive on the market. Since then, many other types have appeared, with poly(vinyl acetate) and copolymers, acrylics (generally polymers and copolymers of the esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acids), and carboxylic-SBR types being the major products. Since latices are aqueous emulsions, less... 

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