Chlorination using

Phosphorus and chlorine combine directly to form either the trichloride or the pentachloride depending on the relative amounts of phosphorus and chlorine used. 

For comparatively large quantities of chlorine, a small cylinder of chlorine should be employed the amount of chlorine used can be determined from the loss in weight of the cylinder. 

The primary environmental concern for the coating plant is actually the residual material on the anode stmctures being returned for recoating. Therefore the anode user must enact effective cleaning procedures prior to shipment. For example, anodes in chlorine use must be cleaned of all traces of mercury and asbestos (qv). Anodes used in electrogalvanizing or in copper-foil production must similarly be cleaned to remove all traces of process materials. If cleaning at the user s plant is not done effectively, the anode may well be shipped back to the user for appropriate action before it is considered for recoating. 

D. J. Senior,]. Hamilton, R. L. Bernier, and]. P. Manoir, "Reduction ia Chlorine Use During Bleaching of Kraft Pulps EoUowiag Xylanase... 

Trityl Ethers. Treatment of sucrose with four molar equivalents of chlorotriphenylmethyl chloride (trityl chloride) in pyridine gives, after acetylation and chromatography, 6,1, 6 -tri-O-tritylsucrose [35674-14-7] and 6,6 -di-O-tritylsucrose [35674-15-8] in 50 and 30% yield, respectively (16). Conventional acetylation of 6,1, 6 -tri-O-tritylsucrose, followed by detritylation and concomitant C-4 to C-6 acetyl migration using aqueous acetic acid, yields a pentaacetate, which on chlorination using thionyl chloride in pyridine and deacetylation produces 4,l, 6 -trichloro-4,l, 6 -trideoxygalactosucrose [56038-13-2] (sucralose), alow calorie sweetener (17). 

Hypochlorites. A common dry form of chlorine used as a bleach or water purifier is made by reaction of gaseous chlorine and high calcium hydrated lime ... 

The dkect high temperature chlorination of propylene continues to be the primary route for the commercial production of aHyl chloride. The reaction results in aHyl chloride selectivities of 75—80% from propylene and about 75% from chlorine. Additionally, a significant by-product of this reaction, 1,3-dichloropropene, finds commercial use as an effective nematocide when used in soil fumigation. Overall efficiency of propylene and chlorine use thus is significantly increased. Remaining by-products include 1,2-dichloropropane, 2-chloropropene, and 2-chloropropane. 

Ghlorohydrination with Nonaqueous Hypochlorous Acid. Because the presence of chloride ions has been shown to promote the formation of the dichloro by-product, it is desirable to perform the chlorohydrination in the absence of chloride ion. For this reason, methods have been reported to produce hypochlorous acid solutions free of chloride ions. A patented method (48) involves the extraction of hypochlorous acid with solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone [78-93-3J, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate [141-78-6J. In one example hypochlorous acid was extracted from an aqueous brine with methyl ethyl ketone in a 98.9% yield based on the chlorine used. However, when propylene reacted with a 1 Af solution of hypochlorous acid in either methyl ethyl ketone or ethyl acetate, chlorohydrin yields of only 60—70% were obtained (10). 

Figure 12-14H. Compressibility chart for chlorine. (Used by permission Form 3519 D (1981), 1967. Ingersoll-Rand Company. All rights reserved.)...

We interpret this to mean that, in elemental chlorine, 75.53% of the atoms have a mass of 34.97 amu, and the remaining atoms, 24.47% of the total, have a mass of36.97 amu. With this information we can readily calculate the atomic mass of chlorine using the general equation... 

The chlorine used to purify your drinking water was possibly made by electrolyzing molten Nad to produce liquid sodium and gaseous chlorine. 

Scheme 11.2 shows some representative halogenation reactions. Entries 1 and 2 involve Lewis acid-catalyzed chlorination. Entry 3 is an acid-catalyzed chlorination using NCS as the reagent. Entry 4 shows a high-yield chlorination of acetanilide by i-butyl hypochlorite. This seems to be an especially facile reaction, since anisole is not chlorinated under these conditions, and may involve the A-chloroamide as an intermediate. Entry 5 describes a large-scale chlorination done with NCS. The product was used for the synthesis of sulamserod, a drug candidate. 

Beryllia can be chlorinated using chlorine in the presence of carbon at 700 to 800 °C as... 

The results of recent trials conducted at the Cranfield University pilot-scale swimming pool are also presented. This research is based largely on chlorination using hypochlorite, but includes other technologies. Results give a clear indication of the extent to which chlorinated byproducts within the swimming pool, as well as the relative levels of DBPs formed between bromination and chlorination. The implications of this research on the future of the use of chemical biocides in swimming pools is considered. 

Decontamination None required in the field. Caustic soda or chlorine used for gross contamination in enclosed spaces. 

Unused reactants can be recycled and off-specification product reprocessed. Integrated processes can be selected the waste from one process becoming the raw material for another. For example, the otherwise waste hydrogen chloride produced in a chlorination process can be used for chlorination using a different reaction as in the balanced, chlorination-oxyhydrochlorination process for vinyl chloride production. It may be... 

Irradiation of the readily available diamide precursor 53 in DMF solution gave the fused system 54 in excellent yield. This material could be subsequently chlorinated using POCI3, and dehalogenated by catalytic hydrogenation to the parent ring system... 

Very little is known about nonbiologically mediated transformations of acrylonitrile in water. There are no data to suggest that acrylonitrile hydrolyzes in air, no reliable information was found on photochemical reactions in water. There also no data on the oxidation of acrylonitrile in water. Acrylonitrile is susceptible to oxidation by strong oxidants such as chlorine used to disinfect drinking water. 

Rapid-acting cytotoxin capable of producing either incapacitating or lethal effects. It is one of seven enterotoxins obtained from bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). It is a white, fluffy solid that is water soluble and heat stable (not destroyed by cooking or freezing). Aqueous solutions are "probably stable." It resists chlorine used in municipal water systems. As a freeze-dried powder, it can be stored for more than a year. 

Deacon Also called Deacon-Hurter. A process for oxidizing hydrogen chloride to chlorine, using atmospheric oxygen and a heterogeneous catalyst ... 

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