Saturated Alcohols

Benzalaniline has also been prepared by the condensation of aniline and benzaldehyde in dilute alcohol saturated with carbon dioxide.1... 

The Ahmad and Faeth [18] data encompass alcohols saturated into an inert wall of xp up to 150 mm and xf up to 450 mm. Typically, qf is roughly constant over the visible flame extension (4) with values of between 20 and 30 kW/m2. The same behavior is seen for the radiatively enhanced burning of solid materials - again showing q values of 20-30 kW/m2 over 4 for Xf up to 1.5 m. These data are shown in Figure 8.13. Such empirical results for the flame heat flux are useful for obtaining practical estimates for upward flame spread on a wall. 

This finding is the consequence of the distribution of various ruthenium(II) hydrides in aqueous solutions as a function of pH [RuHCl(mtppms)3] is stable in acidic solutions, while under basic conditions the dominant species is [RuH2(mtppms)4] [10, 11]. A similar distribution of the Ru(II) hydrido-species as a function of the pH was observed with complexes of the related p-monosulfo-nated triphenylphosphine, ptpprns, too [116]. Nevertheless, the picture is even more complicated, since the unsaturated alcohol saturated aldehyde ratio depends also on the hydrogen pressure, and selective formation of the allylic alcohol product can be observed in acidic solutions (e.g., at pH 3) at elevated pressures of H2 (10-40 bar [117, 120]). (The effects of pH on the reaction rate of C = 0 hydrogenation were also studied in detail with the [IrCp (H20)3]2+ and [RuCpH(pta)2] catalyst precursors [118, 128].)... 

Occasionally when aqueous solutions, and particularly suspensions, are extracted with an organic solvent very unpleasant emulsions make a clean separation impossible. The most effective way of avoiding this difficulty is to mix the liquids carefully. Further remedies are creation of a vacuum in the separating funnel, addition of a few drops of alcohol, saturation of the aqueous phase with common salt,. . . and patience. 

The first reaction proceeds most easily with hydrogen iodide since in many cases mere saturation with the gaseous acid suffices to bring it about. Hydrogen bromide reacts with greater difficulty, and in its case it is frequently necessary to heat the alcohol saturated with this acid in a sealed tube. The preparation of ethyl bromide described above, in which the HBr is liberated from the potassium bromide by means of concentrated sulphuric acid, constitutes a very smooth example of this reaction. 

Catalyst P lr ratio % Conversion (h) % Unsaturated alcohol % Saturated aldehyde/ ketone % Saturated alcohol... 

Cationic Group 11 carbonyl complexes have been implicated in catalytic carbony-lation reactions of alkenes, arenes, alcohols, saturated hydrocarbons and aldehydes under acidic conditions [106]. While the mono- and di-carbonyls [M(CO)] and [M(C0)2] (M = Cu, Ag, Au) can be formed at atmospheric pressure of CO, only Cu(I) forms a tricarbonyl cation under such conditions [107]. Strauss and co-workers reported the observation of [Ag(CO)3] when a Fluorolube mull of Ag[Nb(OTep5)5] was subjected to 13 bar CO in an HP IR transmission cell [108]. 

A monohydrate of sitagliptin phosphate was first isolated from isoamyl alcohol saturated with water during investigations into isolation procedures which would reproducibly yield only Form I. With the monohydrate form isolated, all anhydrous and solvated crystalline phases were converted to crystaUine monohydrate in water or solvents with sufficiently high water activities given sufficient time. This very stable form had only one polymorph as well as excellent water solubility and particle characteristics, morphology, and flow-ability, that allowed for its easy replacement of Forms I, II, and III in the formulation process. 

The above procedure is now applied to two ethanol-water (8, 9) and five 1-propanol-water systems (9) which have been saturated with an inorganic salt and which show partial miscibility. The vapor pressures and molar volumes (10), and second virial coefficients of water (11), ethanol (12), and 1-propanol (IS) were obtained by interpolation of literature data. The vapor pressures of water saturated with salts over a temperature range are available for all salts (14) except lead nitrate. Such data are unavailable for both alcohols saturated with salt. Hence a correction to the saturation vapor pressure is made by multiplying by the ratio of the vapor pressure of alcohol saturated with salts to the vapor pressure... 

Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, dienes) react with carbon monoxide and a proton source (H20, alcohols, amines, acids) under strong acidic conditions to form carboxylic acids or carboxylic acid derivatives. Since a carbocationic mechanism is operative, not only alkenes but also other compounds that can serve as the carbocation source (alcohols, saturated hydrocarbons) can be carboxylated. Metal catalysts can also effect the carboxylation of alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and alcohols. 

Condensation nuclei counter growth in alcohol-saturated chamber optical particle counting 37... 

The wet gluten (about 1300 g. ) is placed (Note 3) in a 5-I. round-bottom flask and covered with 1600 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.19). This reaction mixture is then warmed on the steam bath until the purple color disappears (about two hours). A reflux condenser is then attached and the solution is boiled gently over a flame for about eighteen hours. The hot solution is filtered with suction (Note 4) and the black residue of melanin is washed with about 200 cc. of water. The combined filtrate and washings are concentrated under reduced pressure until the volume is reduced to about 1500 cc. This solution is allowed to cool to room temperature and the crystals of glutamic acid hydrochloride filtered and washed with two 30-cc. portions of 95 per cent ethyl alcohol saturated with hydrogen chloride. The washings are discarded (Note 5) and the... 

The hydrochloride is crystallized by adding ethyl acetate to the base and then adding the necessary amount of pure alcohol saturated in dry HCI. Melting point 164°C. 

Palladium catalysts have high tolerance for several functional groups irrespective of their gem- or fc -sclcctivity [4, 6, 7]. Aldehydes, alcohols, saturated or conjugated ketones, esters, sulfones, malonates and silyl ethers have proved to be compatible. The presence of an additional double bond does not modify the coupling, enabling self-dimerization of non-conjugated enynes as depicted in Scheme 8. 

The entire Step 1 product was dissolved in 21.21 methyl alcohol saturated with ammonia, then treated with Raney nickel catalyst (200 g), and hydrogenated at 50°C for 40 hours under 4 bar hydrogen. The catalyst was then removed by filtration, the mixture concentrated, and the product isolated in 93.7% yield as green oil. 

The Step 1 product was dissolved in 150 ml methyl alcohol saturated with hydrogen chloride gas, then refluxed 2 hours, cooled, and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 200 ml diethyl ether, then washed with saturated NaHC03 solution, dried with MgS04, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography and 11.1 g product isolated. 

Group IIA. Hg, Pb, Bi, Cu, and Cd The metals are present as chlorides in dilute hydrochloric acid. The solvent used is n-butyl alcohol saturated with 3m hydrochloric acid. To obtain a good separation of copper and lead, the strip should be at least 45 cm long. The solvent is allowed to flow for 15-18 hours in an atmosphere saturated with respect to both organic solvent and aqueous phases. After evaporation of the solvent, the strip is sprayed with a solution of dithizone in chloroform (0 05 per cent w/v). Lead gives only a weak colour with dithizone and is best detected by spraying the top portion of the strip with an aqueous solution of rhodizonic acid. 

Sodium hydrogen sulphide, NaSH.—When benzene or ether is added to a concentrated solution of sodium ethoxide in alcohol saturated with hydrogen sulphide, a quantitative yield of anhydrous sodium hydrogen sulphide is obtained ... 

A solution containing butylamidine hydrochloride (37.9 g) and K2CO3 (8.4 g) dissolved in 1,4-dioxane were to refluxed and the product from Step 2 (3.7 g) dissolved in 1,4-dioxane added. The mixture refluxed 2 hours, cooled to ambient temperature, extracted with EtOAc, washed with water, brine, dried, and concentrated. The crude product was dissolved in toluene and extracted with 10% aqueous NaOH. The solution was acidified to pH 5.0 with 10% HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The solution was concentrated, acidified using ethyl alcohol saturated with hydrochloric acid, and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was recrystallized from ethyl alcohol/diethyl ether and 3.1 g product isolated. H-NMR and MS data supplied. 

The product from Step 4 (0.056 mol) was dissolved in 400 ml methyl alcohol saturated with hydrogen chloride and refluxed 1 hour. The mixture was concentrated, partitioned between EtOAc and water, the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc, concentrated to an oil, purified by chromatography using silica gel with hexanes/ethyl acetate, 11 1, and the product isolated in 82% yield. 

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