Methacrylic acid copolymers

Ionomer resins consisting of ethylene—methacrylic acid copolymers partially neutralized with sodium or zinc were commercially introduced in 1964 by Du Pont under the Sudyn trademark (1). More recently, a similar line of products, sold as Hi-Mdan resins, has been commercialized by Mitsui—Du Pont in Japan. lolon ionomeric resins, based on ethylene—acrylic acid, are produced by Exxon in Belgium. Ionomers containing about 1 mol % of carboxylate groups are offered by BP in Europe as Novex resins. Low molecular weight, waxy Aclyn ionomers are produced and sold by AHiedSignal. 

Polymers of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid have been tested for their gel-formation ability [1396]. They are used with gel-forming additives similar to those described for polyacrylamides. Also, mixtures of latex with methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer as an additive have been described as plugging agents [1041]. 

V. L. Kuznetsov, G. A. Lyubitskaya, E. 1. Kolesnik, E. N. Kazakova, B. M. Kurochkin, and V. N. Lobanova. Plugging solution for isolating absorption zones in oil and gas wells—contains prescribed synthetic latex, water soluble salt of methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer as additive, and water. Patent RU 2024734-C, 1994. 

Preparation and Reactions of S-b-MM. As mentioned in the introduction, we were interested in block copolymers of styrene and alkali metal methacrylates with overall molecular weights of about 20,000 and methacrylate contents on the order of 10 mol%. The preparation of such copolymers by the usual anionic techniques is not feasible. An alternative is to prepare block copolymers of styrene and methacrylic esters by sequential anionic polymerization, followed by a post-polymerization reaction to produce the desired block copolymers. The obvious first choice of methacrylic esters is methyl methacrylate. It is inexpensive, readily available, and its block copolymers with styrene are well-known. In fact, Brown and White have reported the preparation and hydrolyses of a series of S-b-MM copolymers of varying MM content using p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) (6). The resulting methacrylic acid copolymers were easily converted to their sodium carboxylates by neutralization with sodium hydroxide. 

Yessine MA, Meier C, Petereit HU et al (2006) On the role of methacrylic acid copolymers in the intracellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 63 1-10... 

Ionomer. Ionomer is the generic name for polymers based on sodium or zinc salts of ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers in which interchain ionic bonding, occurring randomly between the long-chain polymer molecules, produces solid-state properties. 

TiCU readily functionalizes hydrophilic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), m-ciesol novolac and methacrylic acid copolymers as well as moderately hydrophobic polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(benzyl methacrylate) and fully acetylated m-cresol novolac. HCI4 did not react with poly(styrene) to form etch resistant films indicating that very hydrophobic films follow a different reaction pathway. RBS analysis revealed that Ti is present only on the surface of hydrophilic and moderately hydrophobic polymer films, whereas it was found diffused through the entire thickness of the poly(styrene) films. The reaction pathways of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers with HCI4 are different because TiCl is hydrolysed by the surface water at the hydrophilic polymer surfaces to form an etch resistant T1O2 layer. Lack of such surface water in hydrophobic polymers explains the absence of a surface TiC>2 layer and the poor etching selectivities. 

Figure 4.30. Ethylene, methacrylic acid and ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer formulae...

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers Styrene-butadiene rubber copolymers (SBR)... 

Ethylene-15% methacrylic acid copolymer Polyvinylcarbazole CdS and PbS incorporated into polymer films Size-quantized CdS particles incorporated into polymers... 

An alternative system was recently described by Chandross et al. (35,36) based on optically transparent aqueous-alkali-soluble methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer as the inert resin. The dissolution inhibitor was an o-nitrobenzyl carboxylate which undergoes photochemical decomposition to o-nitrosobenzaldehyde plus a carboxylic acid as follows ... 

Andrx proprietary technology Andrx Candellila wax, methacrylic acid copolymer, hypromellose Extended release Altoprev... 

Figure 17 shows the infrared spectra (from 1900 to 1200 cm-1) of the completely ionized calcium ionomer of an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer recorded at room temperature (a) and the same film recordered at 40, 70, 130, and 150 °C (b-e, respectively). This recording of the spectra at the elevated temperatures accentuates the sharp doublet at 1515/1548 cm which is characteristic of an interaction or vibrational splitting of the pairs of COO" groups. 

In the agglomeration step, the latexes are partially agglomerated using a core/shell agglomerating agent latex, which consists of an elastomeric 1,3-butadiene/slyrene copolymer core and an ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer shell. This partial agglomeration operation should not be confused with a coagulation operation where the emulsion is fully destabilized (13). 

The first commercial ionomers were introduced in the mid-1960s when Dupont produced an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer under... 

Association Complexes. The unshared electron pairs of the ether oxygens, which give the polymer strong hydrogen bonding affinity, can also take part in association reactions with a variety of monomeric and polymeric electron acceptors (40,41). These include poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), copolymers of maleic and acrylic acids, tannic acid, naphtholic and phenolic compounds, as well as urea and thiourea (42—47). 

The preparation of cellulose copolymers with vinyl monomers, which have functional groups that are hydrophilic in nature, has given textile products with improved soil release properties. For example, as shown in Figure 5, crosslinked cellulose-poly (methacrylic acid) copolymer fabrics exhibited both increased oily and aqueous soil release during washing compared with the crosslinked control fabrics. However, for oily soil, when softeners were added to the wash water, this improvement in soil release decreased. Crosslinked cellulose-poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) copolymer fabrics exhibited no improvement in oily soil release and only slight improvement in aqueous soil release compared... 

For the styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid copolymers, meth-acrylic acid was also found in the serum, on the particle surface, and buried inside the particles. At 23% degree of neutralization, less methacrylic acid was found in the serum and on the particle surface than with acrylic acid, i.e., more was buried inside the particle. At 3.0% methacrylic acid, the amount incorporated into the particle was fairly constant, independent of the degree of neutralization. The different distributions of methacrylic and acrylic acids were explained by their different distributions between the monomer-polymer and aqueous phases. Thus these characterization results show the effect of vinyl carboxylic acid type and concentration on the loci of the carboxyl groups. Similar correlations could be made with other systems. 

Stability of the polymers at usual storage conditions depends on their molecular structure. Several studies have documented that methacrylic acid copolymers are the most stable polymers as bulk and finished dosage form (Figure 3) [24], The limiting factor of stability of the polymers is their ester function, which tends to... 

To achieve enteric protection of the core, at least 3-4 mg/cm2 of polymer have to be applied (Figure 4). The precise amount of film coating depends on the type of polymer that is applied. Cellulose derivatives usually require higher amounts of polymer to obtain the same protection as methacrylic acid copolymers. A thin layer of 4 mg/cm2 of methacrylate copolymer will dissolve within approximately 10 minutes. However, if increasing layers of polymer are applied, the dissolution time will be prolonged, which can be used to delay the dissolution of the dmg in the small intestine (Figure 5). 

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