Metals Price Report

These sister publications both appear weekly. Metals Week provides industry news and market analysis, with a North American focus. It also includes details of LME prices, reference prices for primary and secondary refined lead (MW North American producer price) and lead scrap prices. Metals Price Report features longer articles, comprehensive information on LME stocks and details of prices for LME traded options (as supplied by Billiton-Enthoven Metals). 

Butadiene was first prepared in 1863, and its conjugated structure was proposed in 1886 (1,2). However, the ability of butadiene to polymerize was not recognized until almost 50 years later when, in 1909, a rubbery polymer was first reported as being prepared from butadiene via thermal polymerization (3). Shortly thereafter, the more controlled poljnnerization of butadiene initiated by sodium metal was reported in 1911 (4). During this time period, a sharp rise in natural rubber prices prompted the Bayer Corp. to develop methyl rubber from... 

Metal Prices in the United States Through, USGS, Scientific Investigations Report, 2010, pp. 2012-5188. 

The Financial Times is a national daily newspaper which provides particularly detailed conunentary on economic, business and financial news, including a page on world commodity news and prices. Daily LME price and turnover data is provided, as well as other key metal price series (for lead, the US producer price), and summary information on biweekly LME stock reports. 

The depressed prices of most metals in world markets in the 1980s and early 1990s have slowed the development of new metal extraction processes, although the search for improved extractants continues. There is a growing interest in the use of extraction for recovery of metals from effluent streams, for example the wastes from pickling plants and electroplating (qv) plants (276). Recovery of metals from Hquid effluent has been reviewed (277), and an AM-MAR concept for metal waste recovery has recentiy been reported (278). Possible appHcations exist in this area for Hquid membrane extraction (88) as weU as conventional extraction. Other schemes proposed for effluent treatment are a wetted fiber extraction process (279) and the use of two-phase aqueous extraction (280). 

Metal demand has an important influence on price. Both lead and gallium occur in the earth at about 0.0015 wt %. The demand for gallium (1990 U.S. consumption was 10,000 kg) is limited to optoelectronic devices and high performance microelectronics. There appears to be no need to expand supply, which would reduce price. On the other hand, reported 1990 consumption of lead in the United States was 1.25 x 10 t. Lead (qv) production is carried out on a large scale by relatively simple and efficient processes. 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

In 1988, cadmium metal production in the United States increased significantly and imports decreased, but exports increased. Dramatic increases in cadmium prices in 1988 were attributed to the tight supply of cadmium worldwide, heavy speculative trading, and the large quantities of cadmium being purchased by the nickel—cadmium battery industry, particularly in Japan. About 30 countries are cadmium producers, led by Russia, Japan, the United States, Canada, Belgium, Germany, and Mexico, which cumulatively represented 64% of the 1988 reported world cadmium production of 19,773 metric tons. 

In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy reported the production of Mg in the form of an amalgam by electrolytic reduction of its oxide using a Hg cathode. In 1828, the Fr scientist A. Bussy fused Mg chloride with metallic K and became the first to produce free metallic Mg. Michael Faraday, in 1833, was the first to produce free metallic Mg by electrolysis, using Mg chloride. For many years, however, the metal remained a laboratory curiosity. In 1886, manuf of Mg was undertaken on a production scale in Ger, using electrolysis of fused Mg chloride. Until 1915, Ger remained the sole producer of Mg. However, when a scarcity of Mg arose in the USA as a result of the Brit blockade of Ger in 1915, and the price of Mg soared from 1.65 to 5.00 per lb, three producers initiated operations and thus started a Mg industry in the USA. Subsequently, additional companies attempted production of Mg, but by 1920 only two producers remained — The Dow Chemical Co (one of the original three producers) and. the American Magnesium Corn. In 1927. the latter ceased production, and Dow continued to be the sole domestic producer until 1941. The source of Mg chloride was brine pumped from deep wells. In 1941, Dow put a plant into operation at Freeport, Texas, obtaining Mg chloride from sea-... 

The increasing volume of chemical production, insufficient capacity and high price of olefins stimulate the rising trend in the innovation of current processes. High attention has been devoted to the direct ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile. A number of mixed oxide catalysts were investigated in propane ammoxidation [1]. However, up to now no catalytic system achieved reaction parameters suitable for commercial application. Nowadays the attention in the field of activation and conversion of paraffins is turned to catalytic systems where atomically dispersed metal ions are responsible for the activity of the catalysts. Ones of appropriate candidates are Fe-zeolites. Very recently, an activity of Fe-silicalite in the ammoxidation of propane was reported [2, 3]. This catalytic system exhibited relatively low yield (maximally 10% for propane to acrylonitrile). Despite the low performance, Fe-silicalites are one of the few zeolitic systems, which reveal some catalytic activity in propane ammoxidation, and therefore, we believe that it has a potential to be improved. Up to this day, investigation of Fe-silicalite and Fe-MFI catalysts in the propane ammoxidation were only reported in the literature. In this study, we compare the catalytic activity of Fe-silicalite and Fe-MTW zeolites in direct ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile. 

There is much current excitement and activity in the field of homogeneous hydrogenation using ruthenium catalysts. This is reflected in the recent, explosive increase in the number of research publications in this area, now rivaling those for rhodium catalysts (Fig. 3.1). Meanwhile, the price of rhodium metal has risen dramatically, becoming about ten times that of ruthenium, on a molar basis. The number of reports on the use of osmium catalysts has remained low, partly because of the higher price of osmium compounds - about ten times that of ruthenium - and partly because the activity of osmium catalysts is often lower. 

Farrauto el al.549 report that It is clear that an ideal catalyst for WGS needs to be developed, especially for mobile applications. Indeed, Cu-Zn still dictates the performance standard for fuel cell reformers, even though its pyrophoricity is prohibitive for its use. Higher activity is always desired, as well as the tolerance to flooding and sulfur. In that respect, a precious metal catalyst has obvious advantages but often cannot compete with the price of a base metal system. A three- to four-fold increase in activity would be needed to achieve that advantage. ... 

General references to these precious metals and their applications, prices, market, etc. are reported in the specialized publication Platinum Metal Review. 

To date, the only applications of these methods to the solution/metal interface have been reported by Price and Halley, who presented a simplified treatment of the water/metal interface. Briefly, their model involves the calculation of the metal s valence electrons wave function, assuming that the water molecules electronic density and the metal core electrons are fixed. The calculation is based on a one-electron effective potential, which is determined from the electronic density in the metal and the atomic distribution of the liquid. After solving the Schrddinger equation for the wave function and the electronic density for one configuration of the liquid atoms, the force on each atom is ciculated and the new positions are determined using standard molecular dynamics techniques. For more details about the specific implementation of these general ideas, the reader is referred to the original article. ... 

The research journals are the primary place where research results are first published. The prices of compounds change rapidly, and are to be found in journals instead of books. The New York Times finance page lists a number of commonly traded metals (aluminum, antimony, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, platinum, silver, zinc), food (corn, soya, wheat, rice, sugar), fuels (fuel oil, gasoline, natural gas), and textile (cotton, wool). The Chemical Market Report is a weekly journal that lists the prices of many chemical substances in a supplement, which depend strongly on purity and intended use. 

Chemical Market Reporters. Current prices of commodities, metals, fuels, and chemicals. Fluka. Laboratory Chemicals and Analytical Agents, 1999-2000. 

Many of the reactions described above are seen to give less than quantitative recovery of the rhodium catalyst component. The amount of rhodium remaining in a catalyst solution was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and is reported as the percent of the rhodium charged which remains soluble or suspended in the reaction mixture at the end of the reaction (95). After some experiments a wash procedure was employed to dissolve rhodium complexes possibly left in the reactor heating a charge of pure solvent in the reactor under H2/CO pressure sometimes dissolved substantial amounts of rhodium species (94-96, 104, 108, 109). High recoveries of rhodium are essential in a practical process because of the scarcity and high price of this metal (120, 121). 

Neodymium-based catalysts are favored over other Ln metals because they are highly active and the catalyst precursors are readily available for reasonable prices. In addition, Nd catalyst residues do not catalyze aging of the rubber. The use of didymium catalyst systems is also reported in the literature. Didymium consists of a mixture of the three lanthanides neodymium (72 wt. %), lanthanum (20 wt. %) and praseodymium (8 wt. %). 

Prices are only published in the ljmdon Metal bulletin. In June 1997, the following equivalent prices per kilogram of FeV and V205, respectively, were reported (26) 18.40—18.90, on the basis of metals containing 70—80% V, and 3.75— 3.80, based on minimum oxide of 98% %(%. 

Price KR, Kinnison RR. 1982. Uranium and other heavy metals in soil and vegetation from the Hanford environs. Report ISS PNL-4466. DE83003313. 

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