Tire industry

Tire industry Tire inner liners Tire molds Tire reinforcement Tire-reinforcement fib(... 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

Adhesives in the Tire Industry. Cobalt salts are used to improve the adhesion of mbber to steel. The steel cord must be coated with a layer of brass. During the vulcanization of the mbber, sulfur species react with the copper and zinc in the brass and the process of copper sulfide formation helps to bond the steel to the mbber. This adhesion may be further improved by the incorporation of cobalt soaps into the mbber prior to vulcanization (53,54) (see Tire cords). 

Various high-hardness rubber goods footwear, solid tires, industrial goods, dock fenders, sporting goods, sundries... 

Both static and dynamic tests are employed to evaluate the adhesion strength of cord-mbber composites. The major static tests used in tire industry are H-adhesion, 90/180° peel test, tire cord adhesion test (TCAT) and co-axial shear pull-out test (CSPT). Although these methods are... 

Consistent with historical results, the loss modulus at high strain correlates well with laboratory abrasion results. The best correlations occur at high strains, i.e., on the order of 50%-125%. Abrasion losses are considered to be predominantly high-strain events. Thus, the ability of a compound to dissipate energy at high strain will improve the toughness or abrasion resistance of the compound. However, it is important in the tire industry that this increase in hysteresis at high... 

The morphology of the agglomerates has been problematic, although some forms of network-like structures have been assumed on the basis of percolation behavior of conductivity and some mechanical properties, e.g., the Payne effect. These network stmctures are assumed to be determining the electrical and mechanical properties of the carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. In tire industries also, it plays an important role for the macroscopic properties of soft nano-composites, e.g., tear. 

The tire industry is by far the largest consumer for carbon black, so it should not be surprising that a major focus for research and development at carbon black producers has been understanding and improving the performance of carbon black and other fillers in tires. This chapter will describe... 

Typical requirement figures of coated steel cord or fabric cord sheets as applied in the tire industry are ... 

High-Tech Quadroplex Extrusion Technology for the Tire Industry... 

The PVD process by means of electric arc evaporation has attained a high degree of importance in deposition of hard layers on an industrial scale. The hardness achieved is a minimum of 2100 HV. Compare this to the standard nitriting process which provides a hardness of about 900 HV or the stelliting process which offers about 500-600 HV. Extmsion screws treaded with this special process in the tire industry have seen a much improved wear life when processing highly filled silica compounds or very hard apex compounds. 

This section of the extmder for the tire industry consists of the following compounds ... 

A complete extrusion hne for the tire industry also consists of various downstream machinery, including the cooling hne which reduces the extrudate temperature from about 100°C-115°C at the head exit to ambient plus 5% at the windup stations or at the tread-cutting station. 

Degussa AG introduced a new silane VP Si 363 as a successor of Si 69 for the tire industry [44]. Tire tests have proved that this new silane reduces the rolling resistance by 13% compared with mixes containing Si 69. In addition, volatile organic content (VOC) emissions were reduced by 80% compared to the use of Si 69 or Si 266. 

When ground mbber is incorporated into fresh mbber, flexing property deteriorates. This is the major drawback of using cryogenically ground mbber in tire industry [9]. 

Many polymer items are designed specifically to make contact with other materials. Where surface contact is concerned, two key properties are coefficient of friction and abrasion resistance. Polymers used in such applications include ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, polyacctal, fluorinated polymers, and natural and synthetic rubbers. Examples that we routinely come across include furniture upholstery, bushings and gears in office equipment, and bicycle tires. Industrial uses include the outer cover of electrical cables, and pipes that convey abrasive liquids such as slurries and powders. 

During the last few years, the tire industry has emphasized the need of being supplied with improved synthetic elastomers. The improvement is particularly desirable for two properties, namely ... 

Support the ongoing business of elastomer of the associated market segments and regions, Knowledge of different type of rubber NBR (Acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber), SBR, PBR, EPDM, HSBR, HBR and application in different filed like tire industries, plastic industries, Adhesive, An effective researcher/ manager with excellent designing and presentation skills... 

Rubber and Tire Industry. Fajan et al (40) showed that N-nitrosomorpholine, and to a lesser extent. NDMA, were present as air pollutants inside a tire factory and a factory where chemicals for the tire industry were being manufactured. The N-nitrosomorpholine levels varied between 600 and 7,200 ng/m3. The results may be relevant to recent epidemiological studies (41) which reptort an increased risk of certain typ>es of cancer in workers in the same areas of the tire factories where we found the highest N-... 

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