Liquid atoms

Atoms of mercury cling together to form the familiar liquid, atoms of iron hold together to form the solid metal, and atoms of hydrogen and oxygen combine to form molecules that hold together as water. All matter is composed of atoms, sometimes aU of one sort (as with iron), and sometimes a combination of atoms (as with rust, which is a combination of atoms of the element iron and atoms of the element oxygen). 

Liquid argon Liquid asphalt Liquid atomizers Liquid-based foam Liquid butyl rubber Liquid carbon dioxide... 

Liquid atomizers may also be classified according to their distinct design features and spray characteristics. More detailed information on various atomizers is available (1 3). 

As a solid dissolves in a liquid, atoms or molecules leave the solid and become part of the liquid. These atoms or molecules may carry no charge (then they are electrically neutral) or they may be ions. The iodine-alcohol system is of the... 

In the absence of a potential barrier, the rate at which liquid atoms in the interface could move to lattice sites is determined by the average thermal velocity, (3A T/m). If they travel a distance X, the interface velocity is... 

In solids, atoms rattle around — vibrate—in the cages formed by the surrounding atoms. In liquids, atoms or molecules move past one another continuously, like minnows in a stream endlessly changing positions. In gases, atoms or molecules are free to move over large distances. Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of motion of a monatomic substance in these three phases. 

Droplet dispersion zone, in liquid atomization, 23 183-184 Droplet mean axial velocity, 23 189 variation of, 23 189... 

Liquid anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, specific heat of, 14 3 Liquid argon, shipping, 17 364 Liquid atomization... 

In addition to water atomization, oil atomization using various hydrocarbons (oils) is the only other liquid atomization process used in the atomization of liquid metals. Due to the similarity of these two atomization processes, water atomizers can be readily adapted to oil atomization. Some problems inherent in water atomization, such as powder oxidation, can be avoided in oil atomization. The cost-effectiveness is superior to gas atomization, but not as good as water atomization. 

This approximate relationship is similar to those for centrifugal atomization of normal liquids in both Direct Droplet and Ligament regimes. However, it is uncertain how accurately the model for K developed for normal liquid atomization could be applied to the estimation of droplet sizes of liquid metals Tombergl486 derived a semi-empirical correlation for rotating disk atomization or REP of liquid metals with the proportionality between the mean droplet size, rotational speed, and electrode or disk diameter similar to the above equation. Tornberg also presented the values of the constants in the correlation for some given operation conditions and material properties. 

When an electrostatic field is applied so rapidly that flow phenomena cannot occur (or in the case of a solid, which does not flow), breakup may not occur until the electrostatic stress exceeds the tensile strength of the liquid. Schultz and Branson (S2) and Schultz and Wiech (S3) claim that this is the case in their liquid atomization studies. For this case, at breakup,... 

Shaffer (S5) also made some exploratory evaluations of the electrostatic atomization of dibutyl phthalate using a camel s hair brush for the atomizing nozzle. On a count basis 73% of the particles were smaller than 10 microns and the largest particle obtained was 40 microns. The energy input corresponded to 0.5 cal/g liquid atomized (0.00026 kWh/lb) and the charge level on the particles as atomized corresponded to a value of Sps of the order of 3-5 V/micron. Current and flow rate measurements reported by Vonnegut and Neubauer (V4) would correspond to an energy input of 0.1 kWh/lb. 

To date, the only applications of these methods to the solution/metal interface have been reported by Price and Halley, who presented a simplified treatment of the water/metal interface. Briefly, their model involves the calculation of the metal s valence electrons wave function, assuming that the water molecules electronic density and the metal core electrons are fixed. The calculation is based on a one-electron effective potential, which is determined from the electronic density in the metal and the atomic distribution of the liquid. After solving the Schrddinger equation for the wave function and the electronic density for one configuration of the liquid atoms, the force on each atom is ciculated and the new positions are determined using standard molecular dynamics techniques. For more details about the specific implementation of these general ideas, the reader is referred to the original article. ... 

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