Pricing of metals

These data will probably change from year to year according to the varying prices of metals and the developing technology of d p-sea mining. 

This process, going hand in hand with the fall in the price of metallic sodium, caused an enormous reduction in the price of cyanide from 160 per ton in 1895 to only yo per ton in 1909. No doubt, in consequence of the production of cheap synthetic ammonia (see page 53), a further fall in price of cyanide may be anticipated. 

The author noted that Dy203 (or Tb407) additives as powder are preferred compared to metal substitution owing to the high price of metallic Tb or Dy. Similar results were also reported by Ho Wen Wang (1987b). 

The issue of coated and corrosion resistant reinforcement presently seems to be moving in the direction of stainless steel and stainless steel clad reinforcement. The high price of metals on the international markets has held back wider use of stainless steel at the time when its use was starting to be more widely considered. The move to develop new organic coatings for reinforcement seems to have diminished as no clear improvement to fusion bonded epoxy coating has yet emerged. 

In making a piece of jewellery, precious metal is fluxed, annealed, sawn, filed, and ground or honed, which produces a loss called reductions. These reductions have become less with the automation of the industry however, the price of metals has increased and recuperation of the metals lost by reductions continues. Burning or calcination, grinding, magnetisation, acid treatment, fusion and electrolysis are all used in this recuperation. The workshops that do not work on precious metals do not usually gather these reductions . 

Finally, detailed appendices provide additional information (e.g., properties of the pure chemical elements, thermochemical data, crystallographic calculations, radioactivity calculations, prices of metals, industrial minerals and commodities), and an extensive bibliography completes this comprehensive guide. The comprehensive index and handy format of the book enable the reader to locate and extract the relevant information quickly and easily. Charts and tables are all referenced, and tabs are used to denote the different sections of the book. It must be emphasized that the information presented here is taken from several scientific and technical sources and has been meticulously checked and every care has been taken to select the most reliable data. 

Most other metal films are deposited by physical vapor deposition, usually evaporation or sputtering. Both processes require a high vacuum and are relatively expensive. Sputtering is the most expensive method, but it allows a much better control of the film composition. As a result of mechanization of physical vapor deposition, the deposition price of metal films is now so low that application for general purpose resistors is possible. 

John C. Bailar, Jr., Variation in the Prices of Metals in the Last Twenty Years, J. Chem. Educ. 10 99 (1933). 

One reason for recent increases in the prices of metals such as platinum, rhodium and palladium is that they are used in catalytic converters in vehicles and as catalysts in some industrial processes. For example, a platinum—rhodium alloy can be used in the Contact process (Chapter 7). 

The productivity is sometimes also related to the total mass of the catalyst, that is, to support plus active metal, but we recommend the definition according to Eq. (2.3.4) as the price of a catalyst is dominated by the metal that is used. The price of metals varies strongly over time. Thus, for a comparison, the actual prices should be used. In September 2010, the prices for some precious metals were 41 gpt, 14gpd 20gir 59gRh and 5 gR ... 

TABLE 6 World Reserves and Unit Price of Metals Utilized in Electronic Assemblies (After U.S. Geological Survey, Ref. [14], 2000)... 

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