Marketing, of lead

Recovered lead has a major role in the Mexican market of lead for example, in 1986 it constituted 26%, considering both primary and secondary lead. In spite of the important production of lead, with the exception of 1985, its reported uses decreased in Mexico from 1982 to 1987 also, most of the sales of lead registered for the internal market were exported after the industrialization process. Exports of lead have increased continuously in recent years (Table 4) (IMZPC 1986, 1987). In 1986, Mexico was the third world exporter of lead after Australia and Canada (IMZPC 1987). 

The future use of lead may be decided by the resolution of an environmental paradox. Some markets for lead are being phased out because of environmental concerns, eg, the use of tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive. However, a 1990 State of California law and similar laws in nine eastern U.S. states require that 2% of new cars meet 2ero-emission standards in 1998. By 2003 this requirement rises to 10% of new vehicles. Zero emission vehicles are generally accepted to mean electric, ie, battery powered cars, and there is considerable research effort to bring suitable electric vehicles to market by 1998. 

Nickel is being used ia magnetostrictive transducers ia some ultrasonic devices, eg, solderiag irons and ultrasonic cleaners, because of its moderate magnetostriction and availabiUty. This market, however, is dominated by piezoelectric transducers of lead zirconate—titanate (PZT) (see Ultrasonics). 

In the other market areas, lead naphthenates are used on a limited basis in extreme pressure additives for lubricating oils and greases. Sodium and potassium naphthenates are used in emulsiftable oils, where they have the advantage over fatty acid soaps of having improved disinfectant properties. Catalyst uses include cobalt naphthenate as a cross-linking catalyst in adhesives (52) and manganese naphthenate as an oxidation catalyst (35). Metal naphthenates are also being used in the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum fractions (53,54) and bitumens (55). 

World production of lead—acid batteries in 1988, excluding the Eastern European central economy countries, has been estimated at 9.45 biUion. The automotive market was 6743 million or 211.6 million units. Industrial battery sales were 2082 million and consumer battery sales were 454 million. Motorcycle batteries accounted for an additional 170 million or 25 million units. Most batteries are produced in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, but smaller numbers are produced worldwide. The breakdown in sales for the three production areas foUows. Automotive battery sales were 2304 million in the United States, 1805 in Western Europe, and 945 million in Japan. Industrial battery sales were 525 million in the United States, 993 million in Western Europe, and 266 million in Japan. Consumer battery sales were 104 million in the United States, 226 million in Japan, and 82 million in Western Europe. More than half of all motorcycle batteries are produced in Japan and Taiwan (1). 

Whereas automotive batteries have the majority of the market, other types of lead—acid batteries, such as sealed and small maintenance-free varieties, are making inroads into various appHcations. The automotive battery s operating environment has changed substantially in the last 10 years. Underhood temperature has risen and electrical loads have increased. This trend is expected to continue as car manufacturers reevaluate thek design strategies and objectives. Battery design is changing to meet these needs. 

The polymer is either produced in a bulk or a solution process. It is among the fastest growing engineering thermoplastics, and leads the market of reinforced plastics with an annual growth rate of 13% ... 

The major uses of lead in the UK are in batteries, and in sheet and pipe of which the vast majority is sheet for building purposes. These applications account for about one third each of lead used. This situation is unique, since in all other countries batteries account for most of the lead market. A small but very important application is sheet and pipe for the chemical industry. Lead is no longer installed for water services. Lead cable sheathing which accounts for 5% is in general decline, but is valued in niche applications such as on oil rigs where resistance to hydrocarbons is important. The use of lead for anodes accounts for a very small tonnage, but is still of great importance to the industries which use them. 

Jerome O. Nriagu. The Rise and Fall of Leaded Gasoline. The Science of the Total Environment. 92 (1990) 13-28. An authoritative history of leaded gasoline. The source for airplane octane lead industry pays Kehoe s salary one of few environmentally unsafe products forced out of market place one of top 10 chemicals in U.S. Esso slogan compression ratio and valve seat recession Kettering about automobile at crossroads, Europe versus U.S. 90 percent all U.S. gas and 80 percent worldwide autos after 20 years of TEL TEL drove U.S. transport lead removed from Ethyl trade name and Ethyl s control of publications and environment to be monitored by voluntary self-regulation, not legislation. 

Between 1979 and 1989 there was a virtual elimination of the use of lead-soldered food cans, with a concomitant drop in lead levels in food. Average daily intakes of lead for adults, based on an analysis of 27 market basket samples taken nationwide for a 1980-1982 Total Diet Study, were as follows (Gartrell etal. 1986b) ... 

---