Zero emission vehicle

The future use of lead may be decided by the resolution of an environmental paradox. Some markets for lead are being phased out because of environmental concerns, eg, the use of tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive. However, a 1990 State of California law and similar laws in nine eastern U.S. states require that 2% of new cars meet 2ero-emission standards in 1998. By 2003 this requirement rises to 10% of new vehicles. Zero emission vehicles are generally accepted to mean electric, ie, battery powered cars, and there is considerable research effort to bring suitable electric vehicles to market by 1998. 

Regulations imposed on auto makers to address a perceived air pollution crisis once again renewed EV interest in the early 1990s. Perhaps the most aggressive regulations were imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) low emission vehicle (LEV) program mandating that zero emission vehicles... 

A number of experimental hydrogen-powered vehicles have been built, dating back to the 1930s. Beginning in the early 1990s, zero-emission-vehicle regulations (enacted first m California and later in Massachusetts and New York) and government... 

Kato, Y., K. Ando, and Y. Yoshizawa, 2003. Study on a regenerative fuel reformer for a zero-emission vehicle system, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 36 (7), 860-866. 

Equivalent settling diameter, 18 142 Equivalent Zero Emission Vehicles (EZEV), 19 627... 

PARTIAL ZERO EMISSION VEHICLE STANDARD (PZEV)... 

Partial zero emission vehicle standard (PZEV), 10 57... 

California has the strictest air quality standards in the U.S. and has been promoting zero emission vehicles (ZEVs). Electric cars have not been as successful as expected and fuel cell vehicles are viewed the logical path to ZEVs. 

Kalhammer, F. R., Kopf, B. M., Swan, D. H., Roan, V. P. and Walsh, M. P. (2007). Status and Prospects for Zero Emissions Vehicle Technology. Report of the ARB Independent Expert Panel 2007. California State of California Air Resources Board Sacramento, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/ zev panel report.pdf. 

Zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate (California and north-eastern states)... 

An indication of the environmental effects of hydrogen deployment for each of six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK) is given in Fig. 19.10, where the fine dust emissions are shown for the hydrogen high-penetration scenario. Similar trends are found for other pollutants. The data are normalised in respect to the baseline scenario and show a trend very similar for the analysed countries with a reduction of more than 70% in 2050. The results are an average per country. At a local level, higher reductions can also be achieved if nontechnical measures, such as limitation of city centre access for non-zero emission vehicles, are taken. 

There is also a significant drawback the inherently higher fuel permeability of polymers. The strengthening of environmental regulations (PZEV Partial Zero Emission Vehicle) leads to severe requirements concerning fuel impermeability, needing modification of the techniques now in use. Moreover, some carmakers such as Ford and GM require higher mechanical and thermal resistance, and conductive materials. 

Fuel cells are currently being intensively developed as they have the potential to provide power in a relatively nonpolluting fashion. Legislation in the United States requires that a percentage of all new vehicles should emit no hydrocarbons or oxides of nitrogen (so-called zero emission vehicle. The current internal combustion engine cannot meet such stringent demands and so alternatives have to be found. The main contenders are electric cars which run on either batteries or fuel cells, or a combination of the two. Current developments now include not only fuel-cell-driven buses and cars, but also power sources for homes and factories. Micro-fuel cells for mobile phones and laptops have been developed. 

That said, the future for fuel cells as such has become much brighter because of environmental, rather than economic, exigencies. In particular, the State of California has ruled that at least 10% of all new vehicles sold in that state must be zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) by the year 2003,... 

As a result of atmospheric pollution levels that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in many parts of the United States, both the federal government and the State of California have implemented standards for exhaust and evaporative emissions from new vehicles (see Exhaust control, AUTOMOTIVE). The first of these standards went into effect in 1968 and mandated that the vapors from the vehicle crankcase be routed back through the engine and burned. Since then, the standards have continued to grow stricter. Table 7 shows the federal exhaust emission standards and Table 8 shows the more stringent California standards. California has mandated that starting in 1998 a certain percentage of new vehicles sales must be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV). 

The development of fuel cell technology received a boost when California passed a law requiring that by 1998 2% of new motor vehicles sold in the state must be zero-emission vehicles, and by 2003, 10% of new vehicles must be zero-emission. Zero-emission means that they produce no pollution. Vehicles powered by rechargeable batteries or hydrogen fuel cells V ... 

Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Describes a vehicle meeting either the EPA s CFV ZEV standards or CARET s California Low-Emission Vehicle Program ZEV standards. ZEV standards, usually met with electric vehicles, require zero vehicle emissions. 

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