Third World

Japanese expansion throughout the East Indian islands ia the 1930s and 1940s, then anticolonialism and the emergence of the Third World nations, finally wrested control of the Spice Islands from the Dutch. 

Since 1971, the overall demand for isocyanates has increased at a compounded rate of 12%. Although this level will not likely be sustained in the future due to the maturation of key appHcation markets, it is probable that additional growth will occur through the year 2000. This trend will likely iaclude a shift in emphasis from TDl to MDl and polymeric MDl-based materials. New growth opportunities in the constmction industry, stmctural appHcations, and growth in the automotive industry exist. Third-world markets are also anticipated to provide growth opportunities. 

N. B. Godrej and co-workers. Proceedingsfirom "Alpha Olefins from Oleochemical Raw Materials," The Third World Detergent Confierence, Montreux, Switzerland, Sept. 1993. 

The sulfa dmgs are stiH important as antimicrobials, although they have been replaced in many systemic infections by the natural and semisynthetic antibiotics. They are of great value in third world countries where problems of storage and lack of medical personnel make appropriate use of antibiotics difficult. They are especially useful in urinary tract infections, particularly the combination of sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Their effectiveness has been enhanced by co-adniinistration with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, and the combination of sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim is of value in treatment of a number of specific microbial infections. The introduction of this combination (cotrimoxazole) in the late 1960s (1973 in the United States) resulted in increased use of sulfonamides. 

Pulp production and per capita consumption of paper and board for 1992 is shown in Table 8. The United States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway make up the North American and Scandinavian (NORSCAN) countries and produced about 63% (22.8 million tons) of the world output. Market share is growing for producers in Latin and South America, Western Europe, Asia, and Africa. These areas provide low cost pulp from state-of-the-art mills. Mills in the third world countries often enjoy the benefits of plentiful, fast-growing tree species, such as eucalyptus and tropical pines, and lower operating and labor costs (3). 

In a parahel move, antidumping duties against these three countries were also assessed for import of sihcon into the European Community. These latter duties are due to expire. The term for antidumping duties in Europe is a period of five years. The impact of antidumping duties is not straightforward, but rather is influenced by factors such as Most Favored Nation Status in the United States and by export of finished products made from materials containing antidumping duties tariff to Third World nations and in the European Community. 

Triorganotin compounds have also been used experimentally in controUed-release formulations to control the infective snail vector in the debiHtating tropical disease schistosomiasis (biHiarzia) and to control mosquitoes in stagnant ponds (103). As yet, the large-scale use of such methods has Htfle support in the host third world countries where these problems are most severe. Tributyltin chloride has been used to confer rodent-repeUent properties on wine and cable coatings (104). 

On a vitamin A-deficient diet, mucus-secreting tissues become keratinized. This condition tends to occur in the trachea, the skin, the saUvary glands, the cornea, and the testes. When this occurs in the cornea, it can be followed by blindness. Vitamin A deficiency is the principal cause of blindness in the very young. This problem is particularly acute in the third world (8). 

The market outside of the United States reflects the historical dominance of carbon—zinc ceUs. For example, in Japan nearly half of all sales are carbon—zinc ceUs, about 33% are alkaline, and about 17% are Hthium. The high proportion of Hthium ceUs relative to U.S. sales reflects the important photographic market in Japan. Western European sales are similar to those in Japan, and Third World sales are almost totally dominated by carbon —zinc... 

Portland cement is the most widely used constmction material in the world (see Cement), especially in Third World nations, because of its availabiHty, ease of use, and versatiHty. Estimated 1989 worldwide production is almost 1.12 biUion metric tons. The United States represented 71.2 million metric tons, ie, fourth, behind China (207 million metric tons), the former USSR (140 million metric tons), and Japan (82 million metric tons). Spain is tenth with 27 million tons. The top 10 world producers of Portland cement account for just under 43% of the total production. 

The earhest commercial process to 1-butanol, still practiced extensively in many Third World countries, employs fermentation of molasses or corn products with Clostridium acetobutylicum (11—13). Acetone and ethanol are obtained as coproducts. 

Chromium. Worldwide consumption for functional uses of chromium is estimated at 13,600 metric tons. From 3630—4080 t of this is used in the United States Europe is estimated to use about 3600 t and the remainder is divided among Far Eastern and Third World countries. For functional appHcations, chromium is used for its hardness and wear properties. 

Proceedings of the International Symposium, Antwerp, Belgium, September 15-17,1997 edited by G.F. Froment and K.C. Waugh Volume 110 Third World Congresson Oxidation Catalysis. 

Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Oxidation Catalysis, San Diego, CA, U.S.A., 21-26 September 1997... 

Replace expatriates with indigenous people in (Western) companies located in other, particularly Third World, coimtries mentoring can help to manage cultural issues. 

With these developments, it would appear that many of the more obvious environmental problems relating to particular compounds or groups of compounds have now disappeared. At least, this seems to be so in the developed world where there are now strict controls of environmental pollution that are reasonably well enforced. However, this does not necessarily apply to third-world countries where there is not such strict control. One consequence of this trend in developed countries has been... 

Nisbet, I.C.T. (1989). Organochlorines reproductive impairment and declines in bald eagle populations mechanisms and dose-response relationships. In B.U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor (Eds.) Raptors in the Modern World. Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin 483-489. 

In the recently released book on worldwide compliance issues (Adherence to Long-term Therapies, Evidence for Action),7 published by the World Health Organization, researchers indicate that the problem of noncompliance is worse in countries in the developing world than in countries in the industrialized world. Many parts of the United States have similar morbidity and mortality rates as countries in the Third World.8 Specific disease states may have significant additional noncompliance ramifications due to the development of drug-resistant strains of bacteria.9 Many times what is necessary is referral to specific clinicians for individualized treatment and monitoring to enhance compliance. The case histories provided in this text will allow you to follow what others have done in similar situations to optimally help patients succeed in improving compliance rates and subsequent positive health outcomes. 

Chlorine dioxide has also periodically been encountered in these applications in third world countries, but the effectiveness of this biocide would be short lived. 

The collaboration between mental health services and members of families of people with mental illness and their other carers is of essential importance in developing a useful and successful mental health service. Collaboration with carers is not in existence in many of the Third World countries, and in places where it exists it is at present often restricted to a one-way communication of instruction of what the carers should do to assist in the realization of the treatment plan established by the medical practitioners. Advice from carers and information about the effects of treatment can both be of great value in the treatment of individual patients and in deciding the best use of medications and other treatments in health services in general. 

Nicholas D. Kristoff. For Third World, Water Is Still a Deadly Drink. The New York Times. Jan. 9, 1997, pp. A1, A6. Third world statistics for 1990s. 

The primary feature of the projected population growth is the increase of the third world from 41/2 to 8 billion people in the next half century. History has shown that the key measure of population welfare and population stabilization is energy use. Today, people in the high birthrate, poverty stricken, low income nations use only a small fraction of the per-capita energy use of the rest of the world.2... 

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