Ultrasonic cleaners

Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Device Applications. Devices made from ferroelectric materials utilizing their piezoelectric or electrostrictive properties range from gas igniters to ultrasonic cleaners (or welders) (72). 

Nickel is being used ia magnetostrictive transducers ia some ultrasonic devices, eg, solderiag irons and ultrasonic cleaners, because of its moderate magnetostriction and availabiUty. This market, however, is dominated by piezoelectric transducers of lead zirconate—titanate (PZT) (see Ultrasonics). 

The bundle of MWCNT can be released in ultrasonic cleaner using ethanol as the solvent. The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) image of thus released MWCNT is shown in Fig. 2. 

Ultrasonic cleaning (all grades). An ultrasonic cleaner suitable for cleaning wire rope is permitted in lieu of the acid cleaning methods described previously. 

PE). Then, the mixtures were placed in an ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes to obtain a uniform mixture oil. The viscosity and the optical refractive index of these base oils and mixture oils were given in Table 7. 

From different solutions, Hu et al. [26,34] made SAMs over DLC films on magnetic heads. The samples were pulled out at different immersing times, cleared using an ultrasonic cleaner in octane solution, and then washed by DI water. After that, the samples dried by blowing nitrogen were annealed in a cleaning box for 30 min at a temperature of 120°C. 

A commercially available ultrasonic cleaner was used for the prqjaration of nickel powders from nickel salt in aqueous solution. This cleaner, Model 3210 (Branson Ultrasonic Corp., CT), is normally used as a cleaning apparatus, working at a frequency of 47 kHz with e power of 130 W that consists of a stainless-steel bath of 5.17 1 capacity and has an ultrasonic transducer attached to the bottom of the bath. A liquid solution temperature in the bath can be varied from room temperature to maximum of 80 °C. 

Ultrasonicator Bransonic ultrasonic cleaner, 0.75-gal (3.4 1-L) capacity Vortex mixer... 

ORBO-42 tube A sampling cartridge filled with two portions (100-mg front bed and 50-mg backup bed) of adsorbent (porous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer), 8-mmi.d., 100-mm length Ultrasonic cleaner... 

On a laboratory scale, generally an ultrasonic probe (horn) and an ultrasonic cleaner are used. The ultrasonic field in an ultrasonic cleaner is not homogeneous. Sonication extraction uses ultrasonic frequencies to disrupt or detach the target analyte from the matrix. Horn type sonic probes operate at pulsed powers of 400-600 W in the sample solvent container. Ultrasonic extraction works by agitating the solution and producing cavitation in the... 

The report by Luche and Damiano in 1980 of the use of an ultrasonic cleaner to accelerate lithiation reactions (214) initiated the recent interest. 

Location of the Reaction Flask. We found that irradiation from the ultrasonic cleaner is most effective when the flask is positioned in the bath to achieve maximum turbulence of the reagents. This "sweet spot" is the point of maximum cavitation and assures optimum energy transfer to the reaction medium. In practice, this focal point of intensity may move after several hours, possibly because of distortion of the steel bottom caused by local heating of the transducer. 

The lithium and naphthalene are loaded into the reaction flask in a dry box, and the TMEDA and toluene syringed in under argon. The reaction flask is immersed in an ultrasonic cleaner. Sonication is continued until all of the lithium has dissolved. Upon standing, [(TMEDA)Li] [Nap] crystallizes as black needles. This complex is indefinitely stable under argon at room temperature but decomposes at <80 ° C in solution. 

For reaction on a 10-mmol scale, an ultrasonic cleaner with sufficient output power (e.g., Branson Model B-220) can be used for external irradiation. 

The sample extract from the soil sample is dissolved in 20ml of chloroform, using an ultrasonic cleaner to facilitate solution. This and a 10ml chloroform rinse are added to a dry lOg Florisil chromatographic column and eluted with an additional 110ml of chloroform. All the eluate is collected in a Kuderna-Danish unit and evaporated just to dryness, then the first 5g Florisil column clean-up procedure is followed. 

Finally, periodic cleaning of the burner head and nebulizer is needed to ensure minimal noise level due to impurities in the flame. Scraping the slot in the burner head with a sharp knife or razor blade to remove carbon deposits and removing the burner head for the purpose of cleaning it in an ultrasonic cleaner bath are two commonplace maintenance chores. The nebulizer should be dismantled, inspected, and cleaned periodically to remove impurities that may be collected there. 

Left, Charlie Focht of the Nebraska State Agriculture Laboratory prepares the mobile phase for an atrazine assay. Note that the vacuum flask is positioned in an ultrasonic cleaner bath. Simultaneous vacuum filtration and sonication provide a more efficient means for degassing. Right, Charlie adjusts the flow rate setting on the HPLC pump. 

Sonication using ultrasonic cleaner baths remains a popular extraction approach particularly for controlled-release products. In sonication, an ultrasonic wave of 20-40 kHz generated by a piezoelectric transducer is used to produce the formation and collapse of thousands of microscopic bubbles (cavitations) in the water bath to facilitate the break up of the solid particles and the subsequent dissolution of the API. Note that parameters such as the wattage power of the sonicator, presence of the perforated tray, depth of the water level, bath temperature and the number of sample flasks sonicated might all affect the extraction rate. For... 

Upon receipt of the samples in the laboratory, they were cleaned with distilled water in an ultrasonic cleaner aided by a small brush, air dried, and photographed for later reference. It was assumed that the surface leaching of these chunks was small compared to the surface area available for leaching after the samples were ground. A representative sample from each core was... 

Emissive spectral features were consistent with those previously reported for CdS Te (6-13) and confirmed (Roessler s correlation, (12)) that the Te concentration was <100 ppm. TheA,5x5xl mm samples had resistivities of A,2 ohm-cm (four point probe method) and were oriented with the 5x5 mm face perpendicular to the c-axis. Samples were first etched with 1 10 (v/v) Br2/MeOH and then placed in an ultrasonic cleaner to remove residual Br2. The electrolyte was either sulfide, 1M 0H /1M S2-, or polyselenide, typically 5M 0H /0.1M Se2 /0.001M Se22- short optical pathlengths (<0.1 cm) were used to make the latter essentially transparent for A >500 nm. Electrode and electrolyte preparation as well as electrochemical and optical instrumentation employed have been described previously (8). Electrolytes were magnetically stirred and blanketed under N2 during use. 

The buffer (-800 ml) is heated to boiling in the microwave oven and poured into an 80-W ultrasonic cleaner (Bransonic 12, Branson Cleaning Equipment Co., Shelton, CT). The slide rack is sonicated for 1 min and then cooled in buffer in the staining container for an additional 10 min. 

A simultaneous ultrasonic treatment of the reaction phase (with ultrasonic cleaner Bransonic 12 was carried out in all experiments using a weak source of ultrasound in order to eliminate formed products from the metal surface and thus stabilize the current in the process. Stronger sources of ultrasound have not been used to avoid turbulent processes and the uncontrolled superheating of the reaction zone. 

Ultrasonic cleaner, Scientific Products, Evanston, Illinois Glennite ultrasonic cleaner, Standard Scientific Supply, New York, New York. 

These applications can be divided into those which demand high power (e.g. ultrasonic cleaner) intermediate power (e.g. Tweeter ) and signal power (e.g. Delay line). Some examples are briefly described below. 

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