Total diet study

Gunderson EL. 1995a. Dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals FDA total diet study, June 1984-April 1986. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 78 910. 

The FDA pesticide residue monitoring program analyzes selected baby foods for endosulfan under its Total Diet Study. In the period 1991-1995, 29 incidences of detectable amounts of endosulfan were reported from analyses of 276 items purchased in 12 separate collections (FDA 1995). 

Total Diet Study - New York, 1974d Bennett 1979... 

As part of its Radionuclides in Food Program, the FDA determined concentrations of radionuclides in their Total Diet Study, as well as food originating from the vicinity of nuclear reactors including raw vegetables, food crops (primarily fruits), fish, and milk. While not specifically analyzed for 241Am, concentrations of... 

Caper SG, Cunningham WC. 2000. Element and radionuclide concentration in food FDA total diet study 1991-1996. J AOAC Int 83(1) 157-177. 

Between 1979 and 1989 there was a virtual elimination of the use of lead-soldered food cans, with a concomitant drop in lead levels in food. Average daily intakes of lead for adults, based on an analysis of 27 market basket samples taken nationwide for a 1980-1982 Total Diet Study, were as follows (Gartrell etal. 1986b) ... 

A worktable that can be used to calculate a cumulative exposure estimate on a site-specific basis is provided in Table 2. To use the table, environmental levels for outdoor air, indoor air, food, water, soil, and dust are needed. In the absence of such data (as may be encountered during health assessment activities), default values can be used. In most situations, default values will be background levels unless data are available to indicate otherwise. Based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration s (FDA s) Total Diet Study data, lead intake from food for infants and toddlers is about 5 pg/day (Bolger et al. 1991). In some cases, a missing value can be estimated from a known value. For example, EPA (1986) has suggested that indoor air can be considered 0.03 x the level of outdoor air. Suggested default values are listed in Table 3. 

Overall, in 234 ready-to-eat foods tested 37 times each as part of the FDA Total Diet Studies from 1982 to 1991, endrin was found only 26 times at an average concentration of 0.0027 pg/g (2.7 ppb) in 9 different foods broccoli, cantaloupe, collards, cucumbers, onion rings, dill pickles, pumpkin pie, summer squash, and winter squash (KAN-DO Office and Pesticides Team 1995). Concentrations ranged from 0.0011 pg/g (1.1 ppb) (broccoli) to 0.0041 pg/g (4.1 ppb) (summer squash). In a summary of 1985-91 FDA pesticide residue findings, endrin was not reported in more than 10,000 surveillance samples of domestic and imported foods that may be eaten by infants or children, or in more than 4,000 analyses of Total Diet Study foods eaten by infants and children (Yess et al. 1993). 

Estimated endrin intakes were not reported for FY 1990 (FDA 1991). In an overall summary of FDA Total Diet Studies for the 5-year period 1986-91, average dietary intakes of endrin for 8 age/sex groups (6-11-month-old infants, 2-year-old children, 14-16-year-old males and females, 25-30-year-old males and females, and 60-65-year-old males and females) were all estimated to be <0.0001 pg/kg (ppb) body weight per day, less than 0.03% of the EPA oral RfD of 0.3 pg/kg (ppb) body weight per day (FDA... 

There is also effort to develop practical ways of measuring intake of additives. The direct measurement of intake continues to be problematical. Duplicate diet studies require a lot of resources, and there are not enough analytical methods available to test for all the additives of interest. Total diet studies, also known as market basket studies, provide a very general picture which can be a useful start to more detailed work on intake, but they too suffer from the same shortage of analytical methods. Biomarker studies are currently problematical. It is difficult to identify metabolites that are both unique to particular additives and can be readily measured in urine. The estimation of additive intake by calculation is still the preferred method, although it requires a large amount of information on both additive levels in food and much data on food consumption. The latter is difficult to obtain without using a lot of resources - many of us have very varied diets ... 

The general population is primarily exposed to heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide through diet. The food classes most likely to contain residues are milk and other dairy products, vegetables, meat, fish, and poultry. In the FDA Total Diet Study conducted between 1981 and 1982, levels of... 

US Food and Drug Administration (2006) Total Diet Study - Pesticides and industrial contaminants. Analytical results, Revision 3. http //www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/ FoodContaminantsAdulteration/TotalDietStudy/ucml 84293.htm... 

Murray CW, Egan SK, Kim H, Bern N, Bolger PM (2008) US Food and Drug Administration s total diet study dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 18 571-580... 

Clarke, D.B. and Lloyd, A.S., Dietary exposure estimates of isoflavones from the 1998 UK Total Diet Study, Food Addit. Contam., 21, 305, 2004. 

Booth SL, Sadowski JA, Pennington JAT. Phylloquinone (vitamin Kl) content of foods in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration s total diet study. J Agric Food Chem 1995 43 1574-1579. 

E. L. Gunderson, Chemical Contaminants Monitoring FDA Total Diet Study, April 1982-April 1984, Dietary Intakes of Pesticides, Selected Elements, and Other Chemicals, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 71 (1988) 1200-... 

The many worst-case assumptions built into cancer risk assessments are there because of policy decisions, not because of scientific ones, and they confuse attempts to allocate money effectively for public health. For example, EPA estimates of synthetic pesticide residues in the diet have used the theoretical maximum human residue that is anticipated under the most severe field application conditions, which is often a large overestimate compared to the measured residues in food. Despite the EPA s estimated high risks from exposures to several pesticides, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration detected no residues of those pesticides in the food samples in its Total Diet Study.59... 

According to the FDA Total Diet Study, in which dietary sodium and potassium intakes of three age groups of Americans were estimated from 1977 through 1980, cow s milk supplied 32 to 39% of the total sodium intake for infants, whereas the percentage for toddlers was much lower, 12 to 14% (Shank et al. 1982). Dairy products contributed about 10% of the sodium in the total diet consumed by adults. Data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES II) 1976-1980 (Carroll et al. 1983) reveal that the median daily consumption of sodium found naturally in food and added during... 

Potassium is the principal cation in intracellular fluid in the body. Variations in the sodium-to-potassium ratio in the diet can affect blood pressure under certain circumstances (Shank et al. 1982 NAS 1980A). In fact, preliminary evidence suggests that potassium may protect against a sodium-induced increase in blood pressure (Langford 1983 Tannen 1983). Milk and milk products are shown in the FDA Total Diet Study to be the largest contributors of potassium in the diet (Shank et al. 1982). Milk contributed about 55% and 40% of the total potassium in the diet of infants and toddlers, respectively, and dairy foods accounted for 26% of the potassium in the adult diet. Whole milk contains 152 mg potassium per 100 g. 

Allegrini, M., Pennington, J. A. T. and Tanner, J. T. 1983. Total diet study Determination of iodine intake by neutron activation analysis. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 83, 18-24. 

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