Market needs

A comparison of overall treatment costs (purchase and refining) for several crude oils enables the refiner to establish his feedstock requirements and to satisfy the market needs under the most economical conditions. 

Ionomer resins are produced in multiple grades to meet market needs, and prospective customers are provided with information on key processing parameters such as melt-flow index. Nominal values for many other properties are Hsted in product brochures. The ASTM test methods developed for general-purpose thermoplastic resins are appHcable to ionomers. No special methods have been introduced specifically for the ionomers. 

Economic Aspects. Prices for pyromeUitic acid were about 14/kg in 1994. The dianhydride sold for about 19—25/kg depending on purity, and prices of the dianhydride ground to a fine 3-p.m size were 2/kg higher (153). Production amounts are not released and are dictated by market needs. The use of some multipurpose units to make this product means that the amounts produced are highly variable. 

PEN film for audio- and videotape and various electronic appHcations and blow molded PEN containers for hot-fill appHcations are already being marketed in Japan. NDA is unlikely to ever become as inexpensive as terephthaUc acid but novel NDA-based polyesters will become available if a market need exists. One example could be the experimental polyester PBN (Celanese Corp.) this is the NDA analogue of PBT, poly(l,4-butylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) [28779-82-0]. It has a high rate of crystallization, faster even than that of PBT, and its combination of physical properties is weU-suited for injection molding. 

Besides water vapor and gas diffusion, other requirements for good edge sealants are water resistance, uv resistance, heat/cold resistance (—40 to 80°C), adhesion to glass and metal, and good characteristics for appHcation. Polysulfide sealants have maintained an exceUent record in use since the 1950s. Development of new polysulfides and sealant formulations continues in order to meet market needs of the 1990s. 

Chemically Modified Waxes. Hydrocarbon waxes of the microcrystaHine, polyethylene, and polymethylene classes are chemically modified to meet specific market needs. In the vast majority of cases, the first step is air oxidation of the wax with or without catalysts (11). The product has an acid number usuaHy no higher than 30 and a saponification number usuaHy no lower than 25. An alternative step is the reaction of the wax with a polycarboxyHc acid, eg, maleic, at high temperature (12). Through its carboxyl groups, the oxidised wax can be further modified in such reactions as saponification or esterification. Oxidised wax is easily emulsified in water through the use of surfactants or simple soaps, and is widely used in many coating and poHsh appHcations. 

The physical location of the toller can impact logistics, transportation and distribution issues. If you have a market need in a region of your countiy or a foreign location, a component to consider in selection of the successful toller is the capacity to provide support to the client distribution system or shortest supply chain. 

Building the initial list of candidates for tolling outside the client company s home borders can create some unique problems in regard to their fair assessment. The list may include several good candidate companies that may unfortunately each be located in a different country or region. Each of them may be capable of meeting the distribution or marketing need that initially drove the international toll project. 

Manufacturers, depending upon market needs, may adopt all or a few such designs or even have their own designs, still conforming to such stipulations. Special applications may, however, call for a custom-built motor as noted later. As a standard practice all HT motors are custom-built for each application and no rotor designs are prescribed for these. 

Determine the processes by which customer requirements or market needs are translated into a set of specifications for a particular product or service. 

The definition of nonconformity in ISO 8402 states that it is the nonfulfillment of specified requirements therefore a nonconforming product is one that does not conform to the specified requirements. Specified requirements are either requirements prescribed by the customer and agreed by the supplier in a contract for products or services, or are requirements prescribed by the supplier which are perceived as satisfying a market need. This limits the term nonconformity to situations where you have failed to meet customer requirements. However, ISO 8402 1987 suggests that nonconformity also applies to the absence of one or more quality system elements, but clearly the requirements of clause 4.13 cannot be applied to nonconformity with quality s /stem requirements. Both ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 only address nonconformity in the context of products, processes, and services and when addressing quality system elements the term deficiencies is used. Some auditors use the term nonconformity to describe a departure from the requirements of ISO 9001 but it would be preferable if they chose the term noncompliance to avoid any confusion. The requirements of clause 4.13 therefore only apply to products, processes, and services and not to activities, quality system elements, or procedures. 

Although the standard does not recognize any classification of nonconformities, the practical application of nonconformity controls requires controls to be balanced with the severity of the nonconformity. It is not necessary to seek concessions from a customer against requirements that have not been specified, or seek design authority approval for workmanship imperfections. The definition of the term defect in ISO 8402, and the fact that there are many requirements other than those specified in a contract or needed to satisfy market needs, demands that it is sensible to classify nonconformities into three categories ... 

Requirements prescribed by the customer and agreed by the supplier or requirements prescribed by the supplier that are perceived as satisfying a market need (ISO 9000-2). 

Wliatever the item, such as crude oil, underlying the futures or options contract, evei y market needs certain ingredients to flourish. These include... 

Understanding of markets and the need for a supplier-user partnership. Where is the value added If the market needs are understood, the value of the performance material can be estimated, and market-pull will ensure that the technology is cost-effective and commercially viable. This result will almost always require a working partnership between the material developer and the end user. 

Manufacturing high quality fuels would require not only more hydroprocessing but also other chemical processing. In the immediate future, most of the refinery investments are made to cope with these requirements and particularly involve hydrotreatment processes. However, commercially available technology does not have all the answers to the market needs. Some niches are open for new technology development. 

The impact of alternative feeds on ash/slag quality/ marketability needs to be assessed. 

The sales strategy needs to decide what product to be sold in which sales market representing the sales location in the value chain network. New markets needs to be evaluated for their attractiveness and the own competitive position with respect to existing products or the capabilities in the development of new products for the respective demand. Sales business rules include decisions on the strategic share of contracted business volumes vs. flexible spot business volumes. These business rules often depend on sales channels and frame contracts with customers. The sales strategy can be matched with classical marketing mix decisions on products, prices, promotion and communication, as well as sales channel decisions. 

The recent economic legitimacy which is given industrial concerns over the impacts of government regulations brings sharp focus to the impacts that the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) has had on innovation. Reactive polymers are a major component in many products in segments of industry that can be characterized by the need for innovative products to meet constantly changing market needs. Such products include... 

Australia has a population of only 18 million people, spread geographically over an area similar to that of the mainland USA. The chlor-alkali industry in Australia is small by world standards and has a product mix unique in being aligned neither with chlorinated solvents nor the vinyl chain. The chlorine/caustic soda balance is heavily skewed towards caustic use in the alumina industry however, none of the locally produced caustic soda reaches this market. This has resulted in an industry limited by outlets for the chlorine half of the ECU and based on a relatively large number of small plants scattered across the country to serve localised chlorine market needs. Australia remains a large importer of caustic soda to fill the gap between local manufacture and demand, primarily for the alumina industry. 

The Vision 21 program is focused on new concepts for coal-based energy production where modular plants could be configured to produce a variety of fuels and chemicals depending on market needs with virtually no environmental impact outside the plant s footprint. Membranes would be used to separate oxygen from air for the gasification process and to separate hydrogen and carbon dioxide from coal gas. 

The selection of monomers for preparation of copolyesters is based on applying established structure/property principles and is usually driven by new market needs and applications with specific end-use properties in mind. Thus, attempts to develop amorphous or semicrystalline CHDM-based polyester compositions for applications requiring greater heat resistance or higher heat deflection temperatures have generally followed the theme of incorporating bulky or rigid constituents to further enhance the desirable thermal properties of CHDM-based... 

---